The COVID-19 infection is associated with dyslipidemia and cardiovascular complications. The aim of the study was to determine the content of ApoA1, ApoB, and oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL) in the plasma of patients ( n = 81) with COVID-19, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). ApoA1, ApoB, and oxLDL were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits (Elabscience, United States). The measurements were performed at an optical wavelength of 450 nm. It was shown that the level of ApoA1 in the blood of patients with type 2 diabetes and especially with COVID-19 was significantly lower than in the blood of healthy people. Blood ApoA1 levels did not show a further decrease in patients with both COVID-19 and diabetes or CVD compared to patients with COVID-19 without concomitant diseases. It was found that the level of ApoB in the blood of patients with diabetes and, especially, with COVID-19 is significantly higher than in the blood of healthy people. Blood levels of ApoB and oxLDL are higher in patients with both COVID-19 and diabetes or CVD compared to patients with COVID-19 without comorbidities. Thus, levels of ApoA1, ApoB, and oxLDL may be promising markers of COVID-19.
Increased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) in plasma is associated with a reduced risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In addition to its potential cardioprotective function, HDL and ApoA1, the main HDL apolipoprotein, also have antidiabetic properties. The aim of the study was to determine the level of ApoA1 in the blood of patients (n = 81) with type 2 diabetes mellitus and COVID-19. ApoA1 was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Elabscience, USA). The measurements were performed at an optical density of 450 nm. We showed that the level of ApoA1 in the blood of patients with type 2 diabetes and especially with COVID-19 was significantly lower than in the blood of healthy people. Blood ApoA1 levels did not show a further decrease in patients with both COVID-19 and diabetes compared with patients with COVID-19 without diabetes. Thus, the level of ApoA1 may be one of the promising markers of severe COVID-19.
Актуальність. Ендотелін (EТ) є одним із найбільш значущих регуляторів функціонального стану ендотелію судин. ET‑1 є основною серцево-судинною ізоформою системи ендотелію. ЕТ‑1 здійснює як запальний, так і проліферативний ефект і провокує патогенні процеси в серцево-судинній системі. За діабету підвищення концентрації глюкози впливає на утворення ET‑1. Мета. Метою роботи було вивчення вмісту ЕТ‑1 у крові пацієнтів із цукровим діабетом, які отримували різні гіпоглікемічні препарати. Матеріал і методи. Кількість ET‑1 оцінювали за допомогою ІФА в 103 осіб: 17 здорових добровольців і 86 пацієнтів із діабетом. Для визначення концентрації ET‑1 використовували набір EIA для ендотеліну (1-21) (Biomedica). Глікований гемоглобін визначали з використанням набору one HbA1c FS — DiaSys Diagnostic Systems. Результати. Середній рівень ендотеліну в крові хворихна цукровий діабет склав 0,536±0,047 фмоль/мл, у контролі — 0,118±0,017 фмоль/мл. Ми не спостерігали змін рівнів ET‑1 на тлі монотерапії метформіном або інсуліном. За використання комбінацій метформін + інсулін + дапагліфлозин, інсулін + метформін і сульфанілсечовина + метформін, але не комбінації інгібітор DPP‑4 + метформін (ЦД2) спостерігалося зниження рівня ET‑1 у крові. Цікаво, що інгібітор DPP‑4 + метформін викликали істотне збільшення (0,767±0,043 фмоль/мл) концентрації ET‑1. Висновки. Отже, на тлі комбінованої терапії, за винятком пари інгібітор DPP‑4 + метформін, рівень ET‑1 у крові пацієнтів із діабетом істотно знижувався, на відміну від монотерапії.
Background. Endothelin (ET-1) is one of the most significant regulators of the functional state of vascular endothelium. It is the most powerful vasoconstrictor and marker for endothelial dysfunction. The endothelium plays an important role in regulating vascular tone. ET-1 has both inflammatory and proliferative effects and contributes to pathogenic processes in the cardiovascular system. In diabetes mellitus (DM), the rise of glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) concentration impact the formation of ET-1. The purpose of the work was to study the blood concentration of ET-1 in diabetic patients with various indicators of body mass index (BMI), the duration of the disease and the level of HbA1c. Materials and methods. The concentration of ET-1 was evaluated by ELISA in 103 individuals: 17 healthy volunteers and 86 patients with DM. To determine the ET-1, the endothelin (1-21) EIA kit (Biomedica) was used. Glycated hemoglobin was determined using one HbA1c FS kit-DiaSys Diagnostic Systems. Results. The average blood level of endothelin in patients with DM was 0.536 ± 0.047 fmol/ml (control-0.118 ± 0.017 fmol/ml). All diabetic patients had blood ET-1 level higher than the control group and it increased in proportion to the amount of HbA1c. With increasing of the DM duration, the ET-1 concentration rises, reaching the highest values with a disease duration > 11 years. ET-1 level in patients with obesity (> 30 kg/m 2) is significantly higher than in patients with BMI less than 25 kg/m 2 and in the range of 25-30 kg/m 2. Conclusions. Thus, the expression and secretion of ET-1 in patients with diabetes mellitus rise up with increasing of the disease duration, BMI and HbA1c content. Cardiovascular morbidity is a major burden in patients with type 2 DM with endothelial dysfunction as an early sign of diabetic vascular disease that is related to the presence of a vascular low-grade inflammation. Alteration in ET-1 balance of the endothelium is the key event in the initiation of arteriosclerosis via activation of leukocyte adhesion, which is linked to the presence of a vascular inflammation.
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