The current generation of quantum sensing technologies using color centers in diamond crystals is primarily based on the principle that the resonant microwave frequency of the luminescence between quantum levels of the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center varies with temperature and electric and magnetic fields. This principle enables us to measure, for instance, magnetic and electric fields, as well as local temperature with nanometer resolution in conjunction with a scanning probe microscope (SPM). However, the time resolution of conventional quantum sensing technologies has been limited to microseconds due to the limited luminescence lifetime. Here, we investigate ultrafast opto-magnetic effects in diamond crystals containing NV centers to improve the time resolution of quantum sensing to sub-picosecond time scales. The spin ensemble from diamond NV centers induces an inverse Cotton–Mouton effect (ICME) in the form of a sub-picosecond optical response in a femtosecond pump–probe measurement. The helicity and quadratic power dependence of the ICME can be interpreted as a second-order opto-magnetic effect in which ensembles of NV electron spins act as a source for the ICME. The results provide fundamental guidelines for enabling high-resolution spatial-time quantum sensing technologies when combined with SPM techniques.
Grit, which concerns perseverance and passion to achieve long-term goals, predicts success in a wide range of areas. As a preliminary step toward the application of grit in institutional research (IR), this study longitudinally analyzes the impact of individual differences regarding level of grit on results in teacher recruitment examinations. In this study, undergraduate students at a Japanese teacher-training university (N = 629) responded to a questionnaire survey. The results showed that students with higher grit were more likely to take the teacher recruitment exam, and also to pass the second part of this exam. This effect persisted even after controlling for self-control, a noncognitive skill that is strongly associated with goal achievement. It was also found that perseverance of effort and consistency of interest, which are subfactors of grit, had differing effects on the results of teacher recruitment exams, respectively: while consistency of interest had an effect on the probability of taking the teacher recruitment exam, perseverance of effort had an effect on the probability of passing the second part of the exam. We concluded that consideration of grit can help teacher-training universities resolve the issue of producing high numbers of high-quality teachers.
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