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This paper examines economic impacts of coal mining across local government areas (LGAs) in Australia. Three main distinguishing features of this research are a) the analysis through the mining boom and bust cycle, b) a focus on small regional areas within one state in Australia and c) the use of socioeconomic indicators in addition to the standard income and employment indicators. An analysis of socioeconomic changes in the LGAs during the business cycle provides insights as to how coal mining affects sustainable development of regions in the long run. Focus on one state reduces endogeneity in statistical analyses. The use of various socioeconomic indicators helps understanding of the reported negative impacts of mining on local economies. The results show that the coal mining sector creates a spillover effect resulting in an increase in non-mining employment. The income indicators suggest that the coal mining sector creates positive impacts as indicated by the decreased share of lowincome families in the area. However, some potential risks to housing are found since an increase in coal mining employment leads to increased financial stress due to increased rental costs for low-income households.

The main objective of this research is to get analytical results about the impact of intergovernmental transfers on the municipalities tax effort over ther period of [2005][2006][2007][2008]. This research uses regression approach method to calculate tax effort index and panel regression method to address the impact of central government transfer. Empirical evidence supports that generally intergovernmental transfers in kind of dana perimbangan has a positive relation with local tax effort. Meanwhile using the component of dana perimbangan, an increase in the untied grants (block grants), Dana Alokasi Umum (DAU) and Dana Bagi Hasil (DBH), significantly pushes the growth of local tax effort. Keywords: Fiscal Decentralization, Intergovernmental Transfer, Tax Effort, Indonesia AbstrakTujuan utama studi ini adalah menganalisis dampak transfer pemerintah pusat kepada pemerintah daerah terhadap upaya pemungutan pajak kabupaten/kota selama periode [2005][2006][2007][2008]. studi ini menggunakan pendekatan metode regresi untuk mendapatkan indeks upaya pemungutan pajak (local tax effort) serta metode regresi panel dalam menganalisis dampak dari transfer pemerintah pusat tersebut. Bukti empiris mendukung bahwa secara umum transfer dari pemerintah pusat dalam bentuk dana perimbangan berelasi positif dengan indeks upaya pemungutan pajak lokal. Selanjutnya, analisis dengan menggunakan komponen dana perimbangan menyatakan bahwa kenaikan transfer dalam bentuk block grants yaitu Dana Alokasi Umum (DAU) serta Dana Bagi Hasil (DBH) secara signifikan mendorong pertumbuhan dari indeks upaya pemungutan pajak lokal. nyebabkan perubahan yang mendasar mengenai pengaturan hubungan pemerintah pusat dan pemerintah daerah, khususnya dalam bidang administrasi pemerintahan, maupun dalam hubungan keuangan antara pemerintah pusat dan daerah, yang dikenal dengan era otonomi daerah. Pemberian otonomi ini didasarkan atas pertimbangan bahwa pemerintah daerahlah yang lebih mengetahui kebutuhan dan standar pelayanan bagi masyarakat di daerahnya. Salah satu konsekuensi dari pelaksanaan

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