Crude Palm Oil (CPO) is extracted from the mesocarp of fruit obtained from the oil palm tree, which is also known as Elaeis guineensis. CPO contains Free Fatty Acid (FFA), which is one of the unnecessary constituents in CPO that is not good for food items and human consumption. Various methods for the deacidification process led to maximising the processing time, energy, and operating costs. Therefore, the aim of this research is to do a physical upgrading of the CPO, which may remove the FFA from the CPO while minimising the processing time, energy, and operating costs. However, prior to the physical upgrading of the CPO, it is important to highlight the physicochemical and quality characterisation of the CPO, which is essential and becomes a necessary procedure before the refining process. The purpose of this research is to examine the physicochemical and quality characteristics, which are fatty acid composition and FFA content, of the CPO, respectively. The American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS) method was used for this research work. The results showed the percentage of palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid of the CPO were 40.1 %, 2.5 %, 37.5 %, and 19.9 %, respectively. The FFA content of the CPO was 4.90 %. The findings indicated the CPO met the recommended value by the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB). The physicochemical and quality characterisation of the CPO provide information as a guideline before the physical upgrading of the CPO that may produce palm oil products with good constituents for human health and the food industry.
The aim of this study is to characterise the liquid oil produced from pyrolysis of waste tyre. In this study, a series of experiment were carried out at various process temperature from 300 °C to 500 °C. The degradation study was carried out by using TGA, meanwhile the pyrolysis process was done using a fixed bed reactor. Liquid oil obtained from the pyrolysis was analysed using FTIR and GC-MS. The oil yield was found to decrease with increasing final pyrolysis temperature and the yield of the gas increased. The highest oil yield was 58.3 wt. %. For pyrolysis at 400 °C. The pyrolysis of waste tyre at atmospheric pressure commenced at about 340 °C and completed at 460 °C. An increase in the aromatic content of the oil was observed with increasing temperature. However, the aliphatic content decreased as the temperature increased from 300 °C to 500 °C. It was observed that the amount of aliphatic fraction in the oil decreased from 7.8 wt. % to 5.4 wt. %. In the meantime, the number of aromatic compounds increased from 37.4 wt. % to 51.2 wt. %. The main aromatic compounds were limonene, xylene, styrene, toluene, trimethylbenzene, ethylbenzene and benzene.
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