OBJECTIVE:To assess the relationship between low maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and gestational diabetes mellitus in Turkish pregnant women according to the severity of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency and assess intact parathyroid hormone levels in women with gestational diabetes mellitus and controls with low and sufficient 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels.METHODS:We analyzed serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and intact parathyroid hormone levels in 234 women with gestational diabetes mellitus and 168 controls. To define the deficiency status, 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were further classified into severely deficient, deficient, insufficient and sufficient groups.RESULTS:Women with gestational diabetes mellitus had significantly lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels compared to controls (30.8±16.3 vs. 36.0±16.2 nmol/L). However, when subgroups of 25-hydroxyvitamin D were analyzed, gestational diabetes mellitus was significantly more common only in women with severely deficient 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. After adjusting for covariates, only severely deficient 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were independently associated with an increased relative risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. The relative risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in women with insufficient and deficient 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels was not statistically significant. Intact parathyroid hormone concentrations were also significantly higher in women with gestational diabetes mellitus compared to the controls (45.3±26.2 vs. 38.7±27.6 pg/ml).CONCLUSIONS:The results obtained from this study provide novel data indicating that only severely deficient maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are significantly associated with an elevated relative risk of gestational diabetes mellitus, even after adjusting for established risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus.

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AIm:To determine the immunohistochemical expression of ErbB2 in adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas (ACP) and to assess its relationship with nuclear expression of β-catenin in surgically resected human ACP tissue sections and to estimate whether these tumors could be candidates for anti-ErbB2 therapy. mAterIAl and methOds: The ErbB2 and β-catenin immunostaining was performed on paraffin embedded tissue sections of 20 ACP using avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method. ErbB2 immunoreactivity was interpreted according to the American Society of Clinical Oncology/ College of American Pathologists criterions for breast carcinoma.results: Foci of nuclear reactivity for β-catenin was observed in all ACP tissue specimens mainly concentrated in whorl like arrays of the epithelial cells. Two (10%) of the cases were score 3+ for ErbB2 as demonstrated by strong complete membrane staining. However, the localization of 3+ ErbB2 cells was different from those with nuclear β-catenin immunoreactivity.COnClusIOn: Our preliminary data demonstrate score 3+ staining for ErbB2 in 10% of ACP and different localization of 3+ ErbB2 cells and cells with nuclear β-catenin immunoreactivity. However, because of the small number of cases, further studies with larger samples should be conducted to verify and validate our preliminary data and to determine the effect of ErbB2 protein in ACP cell growth, survival and differentiation.KeywOrds: Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma, Immunohistochemistry, EGFR, ErbB2, β-catenin ÖZ AmAÇ: Bu çalışmada, cerrahi olarak çıkarılmış insan adamantinomatöz kraniofarengiomalarında ErbB2'nin immünohistokimyasal ekspresyonunu, ErbB2 ekspresyonunun β-katenin ekspresyonu ile ilişkisini ve adamantinomatöz kraniofarengiomaların anti-ErbB2 tedavisine yanıt olasılığını tahmin etmeyi amaçladık. yÖntem ve GereÇler: Çalışmamızda 20 adamantinomatöz kraniofarengiomanın parafin bloklarının kesitleri avdin-biotin-peroksidaz kompleks yöntemi ile boyandı. ErbB2 immünreaktivitesi Amerikan Klinik Onkoloji Derneği/Amerikan Patoloji Koleji'nin meme karsinomu kriterlerine göre değerlendirildi.BulGulAr: Genellikle epitel hücrelerinin oluşturduğu sarmal benzeri yapılarda yoğun olmak üzere nükleer β-katenin immünreaktivite odakları tüm adamantinomatöz kraniofarengiomalarda saptandı. İki (%10) olguda ErbB2 3+ bulundu. Ancak ErbB2 3+ hücreler ile nükleer β-katenin immünreaktif hücrelerin lokalizasyonları farklı idi.sOnuÇ: Bizim ön verilerimiz adamantinomatöz kraniofarengiomaların %10'unda ErbB2'nin 3+ olduğunu ve ErbB2 3+ hücrelerin lokalizasyonunun nükleer β-katenin immünreaktif hücrelerin lokalizasyonundan farklı olduğunu göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte çalışmamız az sayıda olgu içerdiğinden dolayı ön verilerimizin doğrulanması ve ErbB2 proteininin adamantinomatöz kraniofarengioma hücrelerinin büyümesi, sağkalımı ve farklılaşması üzerindeki etkileri daha fazla sayıda olguyu içeren ileri çalışmalarla gösterilmesi gerekmektedir.

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CSCR patients experience a higher incidence of sexual dysfunction compared to healthy individuals without CSCR. The exclusion of confounding factors suggests that factors involved in CSCR pathogenesis may also play a role in ED.