Because of their commanding properties, ultrashort and short peptides are gaining significance as viable candidates for molecular self-assembly, which is a naturally inspired approach for developing supramolecular structures and can be used to design various strategies of significance in the field of biomaterials. Self-assembly of biomolecules like proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids is observed in living organisms, various biological-process-based examples like amyloid-β plaque formation, lipid bilayer assembly, and the complementary binding of the nucleotide bases of nucleic acids involve self-assembly. Among all biomolecules, peptide-based self-assembly has the advantage of the availability of the source, peptides can be easily synthesized or obtained from the natural degradation process and can be engineered to modulate their action, making them an area of immense interest for research. Multiple modification options provide a wide area for the engineering of amino acid sequences. Understanding of the amino acid residues with their existing properties and modified properties is very helpful for further improvements. Computational approaches like molecular dynamics simulations provide atomistic-level insight into the self-assembly process, by which newer physical-chemical modifications can be planned. Virtual screening of the peptides on the basis of their properties and probability for the desired activity are helpful as well. Engineered and programmed peptides have been reported for various applications like drug delivery and target specific formulations. A combined approach of computational and experimental studies is helpful to understand and optimize the self-assembly process and mechanism at the atomic level. These self-assembled ultrashort peptides have been used in a wide range of applications from hydrogels to drug delivery agents, biosensors, emulsifiers, and so on.

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Potassium tertiary butoxide (KOtBu) mediated construction of C-C, C-O, C-N, and C-S bonds are reviewed with special emphasis on their synthetic applications. KOtBu performs reactions already known to be carried...

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Pyrazolopyrimidine with all its isoforms occupy a noteworthy position in medicinal chemistry owing to their proven dominance in the modulation of a vast array of biological receptors, thereby mitigating numerous pathological conditions. The development of sustainable protocols, which integrate the principles of green chemistry in the synthesis process although challenging, offers the most appropriate way to conduct the sustainable synthesis of pyrazolopyrimidines. Due to the effectiveness of this nucleus and striking similarity to purines, they have been accessed using green as well as non-green protocols. Analytical techniques like 2D NMR has been employed for the confirmation of pyrazolopyrimidines and their isomers besides the conventional single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD). Here, considering the rising awareness of sustainable protocols, we aimed at exploring this decade for green protocols for the synthesis of pyrazolopyrimidines and furnished products in excellent yields in this review. Protocols covered in this review include synthesis using green solvent, solvent-free conditions, green catalyst, and catalyst-free reactions. Also, synthesis of pyrazolopyrimidines assisted by microwave and ultrasound, as well as ionic liquid mediated synthesis are covered. It is estimated that this review shall throw some light upon the environmentally benign protocols to produce pyrazolopyrimidines which is itself a very important nucleus in the field of medicinal chemistry.