No abstract

The chemistry of reactive intermediates (guests) within the confined spaces of another species (host) presents interesting opportunities for the discovery of new reactions."] The reactive behavior of carbenes in constrained systems is expected to be very different from that of free carbenes in solution or in the gas phase. The "tight fit" between the structures of hosts and the guest carbenes should alter both inter-and intramolecular reactions. Furthermore, suitable cavity sizes will restrict the mobility of the entrapped carbenes, which are then anticipated to react more selectively.Carbene chemistry in different media has been studied extensively over the past decades.121 Nearly nothing, however, is known about carbenes generated in constrained systems. Although x-and fi-cyclodextrin (CD) have been the only molecules employed as hosts,[31 the intermediacy of carbenes or the corresponding carbenoids has not been firmly e~t a b l i s h e d .~~]The relatively stabler4] diazirine I derived from adamantaneIsl was chosen as the guest-carbene precursor and fi-CD as the molecular reaction vessel (see Scheme 1). Compound 1 was prepared according to the literature,['] purified by column chromatography (silica gel) under the exclusion of light, and shown to be pure by ' H N M R spectroscopy.The / K D complex of 1 (1 . p-CD) was synthesized (ratio of host: guest ca. 3: 1) and characterized. To avoid the replacement of entrapped guest molecules in the fi-CD cavity by solvent molecules, solid-state NMR spectroscopy was used for the characterization. Cross polarization/magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) 13C N M R spectra provide convincing evidence that an inclusion complex was formed.['] This is further supported by powder X-ray diffraction spectra of 1, P-CD, 1 P-CD, and a physical mixture of 1 and a-CD.Under the conditions of fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry, however, the loosely bound complex does not survive, and only the (M -H)-peak of 8-CD is observed.I8]In addition, molecular modeling was used to gain information about the fit and possible position of 1 within the C D cavity.'" According to calculations carried out by using the SYBYL force field with default parameters, 1 is nearly completely submerged into the fl-CD cavity with the diazirine function at the wider rim of the truncated cone.

To gain a comprehensive overview of new scientific findings with the enormous, ever-increasing amount of published information, we apply a new combinatorial approach that complements the process of reading scientific articles by supplementing artificial intelligence technologies. We present a combinatorial approach, which we illustrate in the form of a ''double funnel of artificial intelligence.'' Our approach suggests to largely increase the amount of data at the beginning of the data collection process and to subsequently clean and enrich the data set in order to gain much more knowledge at the end of the procedure compared to a ''classical'' literature review. We use natural language processing and text visualization techniques to uncover findings that are generally unbeknown to the human reader due to the inability to process very large amounts of text. By illustrating the individual steps using practical examples taken from use cases, we demonstrate the merits of our approach. With our methodology, we are able to reproduce findings from ''regular'' review papers; however, we discover additional and new findings in different fields, such as data science or medicine. We also point out the limitations of our approach. Finally, we make suggestions as to how the methodology could be further developed. INDEX TERMS Computational and artificial intelligence, document handling, fuzzy control, knowledge acquisition, pattern analysis, scientific publishing, text mining, text processing.

We provide a high-level view on topics addressed in scientific articles about regulatory technology (RegTech), with a particular focus on technologies used. For this purpose, we first explore different denominations for RegTech and derive search queries to search relevant literature portals. From the hits of that information retrieval process, we select 55 articles outlining the application of information technology in regulatory affairs with an emphasis on the financial sector. In comparison, we examine the technological scope of 347 RegTech companies and compare our findings with the scientific literature. Our research reveals that 'compliance management' is the most relevant topic in practice, and 'risk management' is the primary subject in research. The most significant technologies as of today are 'artificial intelligence' and distributed ledger technologies such as 'blockchain'.

We present a novel quantitative approach to assessing sensory components on e-commerce websites. The Online Sensory Marketing Index (OSMI) provides a valuable measure of the sensory output exhibited by text, images, and other media. The OSMI enables website creators and marketers to communicate about sensory marketing elements and related components. Accordingly, websites could be designed to achieve better sensory appeal and mitigate weaknesses. Our index allows for the creation of sensory templates for various industries. Utilizing a field study of 16 websites in the tech, automotive, fashion, and food industries, we present sensory measures for websites’ acoustical and visionary elements that are easy to comprehend. Additionally, we introduce a score to quantify haptic, olfactory, and gustatory components to assess the online sensory consumer experience. We conclude and propose weighting offline and online sensory parameters per industry. Accordingly, we study quantitative parameters for online sensory overload and deprivation. Our assessment offers a comfortable determination of websites’ OSMI.