Investigation of genetic diversity is essential for the selection of parents for crop breeding and conservation of genetic resources. To estimate the genetic variability and population structure in the midst of 45 accessions of sponge gourd brought together from different geographical areas of India, morphological traits and two molecular markers, ISSR and SCoT markers were compared. Principal components analysis of 20 morphological traits showed 72.70% variability and significant positive correlations between fruit traits. All three marker techniques clustered all accessions into two groups with few outgroups. High level of polymorphism was observed among ISSR (74.6%) and SCoT (71.5%) primers. The Bayesian model revealed the hidden grouping and showed admixture type of population. The diversity pattern is influenced by genetic marker used, as different molecular markers have different polymorphism evaluation efficiency. This study can be helpful in amplifying the genetic base and selection of specific traits for breeding. Thus, ISSR and SCoT markers are potential marker for identification in sponge gourd and provide valuable data on its genetic correlation and structure.
Luffa cylindrica (L.) M. Roem. is an underutilized vegetable and a potential biodiesel crop for future. Its fruits are edible and used as vegetable. To aid in the selection of lines for breeding, genetic variation and structure of ten populations of L. cylindrica were determined with three morphological characters and 23 sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers. All the three morphological characters were found diverse among 45 accessions. The SRAP primers produced a total of 177 bands, out of which 129 were polymorphic. Informative markers assessed by different measures (polymorphism information content = 0.18, marker index = 1.26, resolving power = 2.87) will direct the selection of primers for cultivar identification in L. cylindrica. Low level of genetic differentiation among populations and higher level within populations (Gst= 0.4073, Nm= 0.7277, He= 0.124, I= 0.20) was detected that might be due to cross-pollinated nature of L. cylindrica. The clustering pattern obtained through dendrogram and principal coordinate analysis was loosely concordant with the geographical distribution. The Bayesian structure analysis indicated an admixture type of population distribution. The results designate that SRAP and morphological markers are informative for characterization of L. cylindrica and identification of distinctive cultivars.
An efficient novel strategy for the heteroannulation of 6,7‐dihydropyrazolo[3,4‐b]carbazol‐8(1H,5H,9H)‐one 4 and 5‐N‐benzyl‐6,7‐dihydropyrazolo[3,4‐b]carbazol‐8(1H,9H)‐one 5 has been developed to allow the incorporation of pyrazole, isoxazole, pyrimidine, benzodiazepine, and benzothiazepine rings through their corresponding oxoketene dithioacetal derivatives 6 and 7, respectively.
A facile and rapid accessibility to the libraries containing several mono, and disubstituted benzo(b)furan derivatives substituted with a variety of electron rich and electron capturing groups on 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7 positions of its nucleus has been explored using the PdCl 2 (CH 3 CN) 2 catalyzed heterocyclization of the corresponding 2-allylphenols to afford 2(a-m) in good yield and high purity.
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