En este trabajo se presentan los primeros datos de la composición holocena de los bosques de montaña en el Parque Natural Sierra de las Nieves (Málaga, España). La información obtenida resulta de la aplicación del método pedoantracológico en 10 enclaves del espacio natural protegido. La búsqueda e identificación de los fragmentos de carbón recuperados y su posterior datación radiocarbónica han permitido una primera aproximación paleoecológica al ámbito de estudio: el hallazgo de diferentes paleopoblaciones de coníferas; la comprobación de la antigüedad de determinados bosques y su consideración como paleoendémicos; y el conocimiento inicial de las dinámicas forestales en relación a ciclos climáticos y alteraciones antrópicas. La implementación de los resultados en la gestión conservacionista y adaptativa de los bosques más amenazados y sus hábitats, frente al cambio climático, debe ser una prioridad en el marco de protección de estos espacios naturales de alto valor ecológico.
The aim of this research is to reconstruct the ancient distribution area of Abies pinsapo Boiss. (Spanish fir) in the Serranía de Ronda region, southern Spain, during the Holocene. The main method was pedoanthracological analysis, the study of non-archaeological charcoal found in natural soils. In this research a total of 37 soil excavations were done in several mountain ranges with potentially favourable places for firs to have grown in the past. Specific sites and places such as hillsides, endorheic basins (with no outflow), sinkholes, summits and mountain passes were selected on the basis of evidence from a range of different sources including ancient documents, pollen studies and species distribution models. The soil samples collected from these sites were prepared in the laboratory and the charcoal was identified and radiocarbon dated. Statistical and cartographic analyses were also done. The study revealed evidence of past populations of Abies sp. in places where it is no longer found today. A total of 47 different chronologies were obtained from these sites with ages ranging between 9,931 cal bp and 78 cal bp. In addition, the wide variations in the charcoal values enabled us to make an initial estimate of the importance of ancient forest fires in different places in the Serranía de Ronda. When this information has been considered with all the other available data sources, it will be an essential resource for the efficient management of relict fir woods in southern Spain.
Physical activity is an increasingly frequent part of our leisure time. Within this context, hiking is a popular form of tourism which has a positive impact on the quality of life. In spite of the importance of climate conditions for this recreational activity, relatively little research has been done on hiking from the perspective of climate and tourism. With this in mind in this paper we make the first detailed extensive assessment of climate preferences for the practice of hiking tourism in Spain. To this end a review of the theoretical/methodological body of literature on tourism climatology was conducted together with a survey aimed at evaluating the stated climate preferences of hiking tourists. The results are offered within the framework of international research on climate preferences for a range of tourism activities. The comparative analysis of these results with regard to those obtained in previous research highlights various similarities but also certain factors specific to hiking in Spain. Overall, the climate preferences of hiking tourists are similar to those of other segments of the tourism market in terms of the aesthetic and physical aspects of the climate, although they also have certain specific preferences as regards thermal aspects, especially regarding the optimal daily thermal conditions for hiking. The results obtained are useful for assessing the suitability of the climate for the practice of hiking tourism in Spain and for promoting proper management and planning of this leisure activity in tourist destinations, including the development of climate calendars detailing the most suitable times of the year for hiking at these destinations. These issues will be addressed in future research studies.
La pedoantracología se define como la búsqueda, tratamiento y análisis taxonómico de carbón procedente de vegetación leñosa incendiada en suelos no arqueológicos. Sus aplicaciones han permitido cubrir un amplio espectro de temáticas, sobre todo cuando ha formado parte de aproximaciones paleoecológicas multidisciplinares. En líneas generales, esta metodología ha manifestado un interés creciente dentro de las disciplinas paleoecológicas, aunque actualmente existen enormes diferencias territoriales, de manera que Francia –territorio pionero en la aplicación de esta metodología–produce buena parte de las publicaciones pedoantracológicas europeas. En España, su aplicación en Pirineos, Sistema Central, Cordillera Bética y Cordillera Cantábrica ha sido relativamente reciente, no conociéndose en consecuencia ni su trayectoria ni su estado actual. Por ello, en este trabajo se presenta un análisis detallado y comparativo de todas aquellas investigaciones de carácter pedoantracológico llevadas a cabo en este último país, lo que ha permitido conocer cuáles han sido las conclusiones más relevantes obtenidas por los diferentes grupos de trabajo. Este análisis ha puesto de manifiesto que se trata de una metodología que ha obtenido resultados de gran interés a la hora de resolver debates fitosociológicos clásicos, reconstruir antiguas áreas de distribución de especies o determinar cambios en el límite superior del bosque, resultados que han contribuido y pueden seguir contribuyendo al desarrollo de una gestión forestal sostenible más eficaz. Por su parte, el futuro de la disciplina muestra un progresivo avance hacia otros sistemas montañosos, constatando que se trata de una metodología que ha sabido ganarse su lugar dentro de las disciplinas paleoecológicas.
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