No abstract

This article presents a survey of fungi obtained from soil, water and mixed leaf litter samples taken from the Atlantic Rainforest in the municipality of Cubatão, in the State of São Paulo, during the years of 1993 to 1995. Using different techniques for the isolation of microscopic fungi, a total of 280 taxa was obtained (66 zoosporic fungi, 40 Mucorales, 45 Glomales, 125 anamorphs, three Ascomycota and one Basidiomycota), with 23 species being reported for the first time in Brazil.

Fungal endophytes associated with Citrus limon (L.) Burm., were investigated. Culture of surface-sterilized leaves from two orchards of lemon trees in Tucumán, located in northwestern Argentina, revealed the presence of endophytic fungi in all leaves examined. The colonization frequencies were 69.7% and 72.3% at the two sampled sites, and a total of nine taxa were isolated. Eight of the taxa had relative frequencies of >2% in at least one sample. The number of isolates was significantly lower in the spring. The assemblage composition at each site and sampling time was similar. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. in Penz., responsible for anthracnose, was consistently dominant. Another pathogenic fungus of Citrus spp., Guignardia citricarpa Kiely was also recovered as an endophyte. Scanning electron micrographs of cut uncultured and cultured leaf surfaces, seen in transverse section, showed intercellular fungal hyphae in parenchyma cells No penetration of host cells by either fungus was observed. This is the first report on fungal endophytes in leaves of lemon plants in Argentina.Key words: endophytic fungi, lemon, colonization, scanning electron microscopy.

Aquatic Hyphomycetes, also named Ingoldian or freshwater fungi, constitute a group of anamorphic fungi that are typically aquatic, producing tetraradiate, sigmoid or spherical conidia on submerged plant debris (leaf litter, petioles, bark, etc.). Mainly occurring in lotic systems, these fungi are considered to be one of the most active groups of organisms in the decomposition of leaf litter, and play a crucial role in the trophic chain. In South America, aquatic Hyphomycetes are mentioned for Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela, totalizing the report of about 90 species. Almost all studies are taxonomical, some with proper drawings and complete descriptions, but no keys have been provided yet, nor there is a specific culture collection for preserved strains. The published papers are still sporadic and dispersed, emphasizing a great need to improve the knowledge of the diversity of South American aquatic Hyphomycetes. The present review contents the check list of reported species until now, and has the aim to encourage the research concerned with aquatic Hyphomycetes in non explored regions of the continent.

Folhas vivas e em decomposição de Cedrela fissilis Veil, foram coletadas, de janeiro a novembro de 1993, no Horto Florestal "Dr. Luiz Teixeira Mendes", Município de Maringá, PR, Brasil (23º25'S, 51º25'W), com a finalidade de isolar Hyphomycetes. As amostras foliares passaram pela técnica de lavagem vigorosa com água destilada esterilizada e plaqueamento em câmaras-úmidas. Foram isoladas três espécies com conidioma do tipo esporodóquio, Epicoccum nigrum Link, Volutella minima Hõhn. e Wiesneriomyces laurinus (Tassi) Kirk, e três com conidioma do tipo sinema, Menisporopsis theobromae S. Hughes, Thozetella cristata Piroz. & Hodges e T. cubensis Castaneda & Arnold. Todas as espécies ocorreram no folhedo sendo predominantes M. theobromae, T. cristata e W. laurinus. Em folhas vivas foram isoladas apenas E. nigrum e V. minima. São apresentadas, para cada espécie, descrição, distribuição geográfica, comentários e ilustrações. Todas as espécies estão sendo citadas pela primeira vez para o Estado do Paraná; T. cubensis é referida pela primeira vez para o Brasil.

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-(Hyphomycetes onCaesalpinia

Raízes em decomposição de Ctenanthe oppenheimiana Sond., representante da família Marantaceae, cultivada na Seção de Ornamentais do Instituto de Botânica, SP, Brasil, foram estudadas quanto à presença de Hyphomycetes. As raízes foram coletadas mensalmente, de janeiro de 1986 a dezembro de 1987 e após aplicação da técnica de lavagem vigorosa, deixadas em câmara úmida por dois meses. Os seguintes táxons foram constatados: Acremonium sp., Dictyochaeta fertilis Hughes & Kendrick, Humicola grisea Traaen, Phialocephala fusca Kendrick, Pithomyces chartarum (Berk. & Curt.) M. B. Ellis, Rhinocladiella phaeophora Veerkamp & W. Gams, Sporidesmiella hyalosperma (Corda) P. M. Kirk var. hyalosperma P. M. Kirk e Tetraploa aristata berkeley & Broome. Dentre estes, Phialocephala fusca está sendo referida pela primeira vez para o Brasil. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que as espécies isoladas participam da degradação das raízes de Ctenanthe oppenheimiana, pelo menos nos seus estágios iniciais.