The effects of amplitude and time of ultrasound-assisted extraction on the physicochemical properties and the fatty acid profile of pumpkin seed oil (Cucurbita pepo) were evaluated. Ultrasound time (5-30 min) and the response variables amplitude (25-100%), extraction yield, efficiency, oxidative stability in terms of the free fatty acids (FFA) of the plant design comprising two independent experiments variables, peroxide (PV), p-anisidine (AV), totox value (TV) and the fatty acid profile were evaluated. The results were analyzed by multiple linear regression. The time and amplitude showed significant differences (P<0.05) for all variables. The highest yield of extraction was achieved at 5 min and amplitude of 62.5% (62%). However, the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions were as follows: ultrasound time of 26.34 min and amplitude of 89.02%. All extracts showed low FFA (2.75-4.93% oleic acid), PV (1.67-4.68 meq/kg), AV (1.94-3.69) and TV (6.25-12.55) values. The main fatty acids in all the extracts were oleic and linoleic acid. Therefore, ultrasound-assisted oil extraction had increased performance and reduced extraction time without affecting the oil quality.
Sonication (25 kHz) was applied to plantain (large granule size) and taro (small granule size) starches for two treatment durations (20 and 50 min) using a flow-cell at controlled temperature of 4 AE 0.1°C. The granule size distribution of starches was only slightly affected by the ultrasound treatment. Ultrasound affected the granule surface morphology, as reflected by the profound cavities and fractures. Starch with larger granule size was more affected by ultrasound treatment, as reflected by the higher variation in the peak viscosity, swelling power, and solubility. Peak viscosity increased with ultrasound, whereas swelling power and solubility decreased after treatment. Additionally, ultrasound treatment of high granule size starch resulted in a more pronounced decrease in the storage modulus (G 0 ) compared with its native counterpart.
Common beans from Mayocoba variety were soaked in different solutions, cooked, stored and evaluated for cooking time, chemical composition and in vitro starch digestibility. Soaking decreased cooking time; the lowest value (149 min) was obtained when a sodium chloride (1%) and sodium bicarbonate (0.75%) mixture was used. Total starch content in samples soaked in water, sodium chloride or sodium bicarbonate increased in relation to the non-soaked sample, a pattern that may be associated with lixiviation of other bean components, which leads to increased TS content. Soaking also affected available starch (AS) levels, because beans soaked in sodium bicarbonate solution exhibited the lowest AS; on the contrary, beans soaked in water and sodium chloride showed higher AS contents than non-soaked beans. In agreement with AS content, beans soaked in bicarbonate solution presented the highest resistant starch values. Soaking in diverse solutions did not affect the hydrolysis index and consequently the predicted glycaemic index(pGI). pGIs of Mayocoba beans reiterate the well-known beneficial 'slow digestion' features of starch in pulses.
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