(6) RESUMO O ciclo do P é controlado por processos físico-químicos, como a adsorção e a dessorção, e biológicos, como a imobilização e a mineralização. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a variação temporal no conteúdo de P da biomassa microbiana do solo (Pm) de acordo com doses e épocas de aplicação de fosfato solúvel na superfície de um Latossolo Vermelho sob sistema plantio direto. O experimento foi instalado em maio de 2002 em uma lavoura manejada sob plantio direto por sete anos, no município de Ibirubá, RS. Foram aplicadas cinco doses de superfosfato triplo, equivalentes a 0, 40, 80, 120 e 160 kg ha -1 de P 2 O 5 , em duas épocas, na semeadura do azevém (Lolium multiflorum) e da soja (Glicine max). Os teores de Pm e P extraído por resina trocadora de ânions do solo da camada de 0-10 cm foram avaliados aos 14, 49, 91, 133, 147, 203 e 267 dias após a semeadura do azevém. A aplicação de fosfato aumentou o teor de Pm, com maior intensidade quando aplicado na semeadura da soja, sobre os resíduos do azevém. A imobilização do P na biomassa microbiana foi temporária, diminuindo ao longo do ciclo das culturas, e sua variação temporal não foi acompanhada por variações no teor de P extraído por resina trocadora de ânions.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito residual de queimadas periódicas nos atributos químicos, teor e composição da matéria orgânica de um Latossolo Vermelho e na composição química da vegetação predominante. Os ambientes estudados foram: campo nativo pastejado, sem queima e sem roçada (PN); campo nativo queimado e pastejado (PQ); e mata nativa adjacente à pastagem (MN). As amostras de solo foram coletadas nas camadas 0-5, 0-20, 20-40 e 40-60 cm, para determinação dos atributos de fertilidade, teores de carbono e nitrogênio, e realização das análises de espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR). A parte aérea da vegetação desses ambientes foi analisada por análise elementar e FTIR. A queima da pastagem reduziu os teores de N, Mg e K e aumentou a saturação por Al no solo, em comparação ao PN. No solo sob mata, os teores dos nutrientes foram menores, e os de C e N e a saturação por Al mais elevados do que em PN. A aromaticidade da matéria orgânica do solo não diferiu entre os três ambientes estudados e aumentou em profundidade. Na vegetação da pastagem queimada, observou-se menor teor de N e maior proporção de grupos silicatados, em comparação ao PN. A vegetação de mata apresentou maior quantidade de grupamentos nitrogenados e aromáticos do que a de PN e PQ.
The repeated use of a given pesticide may induce a selection of the soil microbial population, resulting in a rapid degradation of the respective xenobiotic. Patterns of atrazine degradation (mineralization, formation of metabolites and nonextractable residues (NER)) were evaluated in two Brazilian soils with a history of atrazine application. Results were compared with those obtained from soils that had no agricultural use or herbicide application history. (14)C-Atrazine mineralization in unsaturated treated soils was high. By the 85th day of incubation, 82% of the applied (14)C-atrazine was mineralized in the Rhodic Hapludox and 74% in the Xanthic Haplustox. Mineralization remained low in nontreated soils (
To assess the potential occurrence of accelerated herbicide degradation in soils, the mineralization and persistence of 14 C-labeled and non-labeled atrazine was evaluated over three months in two soils from Belgium (BS: atrazine treated 1973 BC: non-treated) and two soils from Germany (CK: atrazine treated 1986-1989; CM: non-treated). Prior to the experiment, accelerated solvent extraction of bulk field soils revealed atrazine (8.3 and 15.2 µg kg −1 in BS and CK soil), and a number of metabolites directly after field sampling, even in BC and CM soils without previous atrazine treatment, by means of LC-MS/MS analyses. For atrazine degradation studies, all soils were incubated under different moisture conditions (50% maximum soil water holding capacity -WHC max -/slurried conditions).At the end of the incubation, the 14 C-atrazine mineralization was high in BS soil (81% and 83%), and also unexpectedly high in BC soil (40% and 81%), at 50% WHC max and slurried conditions, respectively. In CK soil, the 14 C-atrazine mineralization was higher (10% and 6%) than in CM soil (4.7% and 2.7%), but was not stimulated by slurried conditions. The results revealed that atrazine application history dramatically influences its degradation and mineralization. For the incubation period, the amount of extractable atrazine, composed of residues from freshly applied atrazine and residues from former field applications, remained significantly greater (statistical significance = 99.5% and 99.95%) for BS and CK soils, respectively, than the amount of extractable atrazine in the bulk field soils. This suggests that i) mostly freshly applied atrazine is accessible for a complex microbial community, ii) the applied atrazine is not completely mineralized and remains extractable even in adapted soils, and iii) the microbial atrazine-mineralizing capacity strongly depends on atrazine application history and appears to be conserved on long time scales after the last application.
Biochar addition to soil has been reported to reduce the microbial degradation of pesticides due to sorption of the active compound. This study investigated whether the addition of hardwood biochar alters the mineralization of (14)C-labeled atrazine in two atrazine-adapted soils from Belgium and Brazil at different moisture regimens. Biochar addition resulted in an equally high or even in a significantly higher atrazine mineralization compared to the soils without biochar. Statistical analysis revealed that the extent of atrazine mineralization was more influenced by the specific soil than by the addition of biochar. It was concluded that biochar amendment up to 5% by weight does not negatively affect the mineralization of atrazine by an atrazine-adapted soil microflora.
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