Tourism is recognized as an activity with great potential for Brazil, not only because of its diverse tourist attractions but also because of the generation of economic dynamics and its capacity to absorb labour. This article investigates the influence of specialization, urbanization and diversification externalities on the tourism employment growth rate in Brazilian municipalities between 2006 and 2015. To this end, we apply Local Indicators of Spatial Association and spatial econometric models. Both techniques enable the visualization of a spatial and temporal overview of the convergence process in tourism employment in Brazil. The main results suggest that the externalities of specialization, urbanization and diversification positively affect the employment growth rate in the tourism sector. Nevertheless, the employment growth rate for tourism in neighbouring municipalities reduces local employment in the same sector, which we interpret as arising from a competitive effect.
Submetido: 11 de abril de 2010; aceito para publicação: 16 de julho de 2011 Resumo: O trabalho avalia em que medida o grau de especialização ou diversidade pode afetar o desempenho inovador regional. Além disso, outros fatores determinantes da inovação são considerados, como a capacidade de realização de P&D, o nível de escolaridade e a defasagem temporal da inovação. A base de dados é organizada em função das 63 microrregiões do Estado de São Paulo no período entre 1996 e 2003, e submetida a modelos de dados em painel espacial dinâmico. Os principais resultados revelam que a diversidade e a especialização produtiva são igualmente importantes para explicar o desempenho inovador das microrregiões.Palavras-Chave: sistema regional de inovação, externalidades de diversificação e especialização, modelo dinâmico de dados em painel.
At the beginning of 2020, the world was left in an unprecedented state of shock by the COVID-19 pandemic. Brazil quickly became the epicenter of new cases of contamination, where the propagation of the virus was unrestrained, despite boasting one of the strongest Universal health coverage systems in Latin America. This paper has at least three empirical contributions to the literature about economic resilience and the COVID-19 pandemic. Firstly it is a critical issue regarding the “economics versus life” trade-off, which is an essential question for developing countries, given that policymakers must decide between policies to reduce the number of COVID-19 infections without damaging the economy. Secondly, our findings suggest that the early adoption of isolation measures applied in 2020, such as the financial aid and the vaccination have been effective in controlling the effects of the pandemic, especially in vulnerable microregions. Furthermore, it was verified that the Emergency financial aid was a fundamental policy in minimizing the economic impacts of the pandemic and allowing people to practice social distancing, contributing positively to the Employment Resilience Index and negatively related to the growth rate of deaths due to COVID-19. The contribution of our study is to measure an inverted U-shaped curve to demonstrate that policymakers must achieve a minimum of families to decrease the COVID-19 deaths. These contributions are essential and straightforward findings to lead policymakers' decisions in developing countries facing financial constraints in the public budget and population reticence about physical distancing, self-quarantine and vaccination.
ResumoA economia brasileira foi marcada por importantes mudanças ao longo da dé-cada de 1990 e início dos anos 2000. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o processo de crescimento econômico dos 27 estados brasileiros no período sob análise. Para tanto, utiliza-se a metodologia da Análise Exploratória de Dados Espaciais (AEDE) e modelos de regressão espacial com dados em painel. Os resultados mostram que alguns efeitos para o crescimento econômico brasileiro foram importantes como os anos de estudo e, em menor grau, os gastos do governo e a taxa de fecundidade. Ademais, a principal conclusão do trabalho foi que a taxa de crescimento dos estados brasileiros não é significativamente afetada pelo crescimento dos seus estados vizinhos.
Palavras-chave: Crescimento econômico; Estados brasileiros; Modelos em painel de dados com dependência espacial
AbstractThe Brazilian economy were marked by deep changes during 1990's and early 2000's. The objective of this paper is analyze the economic growth process of the 27 Brazilian states in the period under analysis. In this regard, we use the Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) and spatial regression models with panel data. The results shows that some effects for the Brazilian economic growth were important such as years of study and, with less intensity, government expenditures and fertility rate. Furthermore, the main conclusion was that the Brazilian states' economic growth rate is not significantly affected by the growth of its neighboring states.
The current debate concerning the Legal Amazon in Brazil suggests that deforestation is a multidimensional phenomenon. Many studies have analysed deforestation in this region in the economic and institutional spheres, treating them jointly or separately. However, in addition to including family structure and social aspects, this work seeks to identify the multiple configurations that potentially lead to deforestation. We applied exploratory statistical techniques to analyse the 762 municipalities located in the Legal Amazon and to extract four characteristic dimensions, namely, economic development, family labour farming, property and rural density and openness to trade. One of the main results suggests the logical configuration between high economic development and the number of establishments occupied by squatters, with high rural populations covering 54% of the municipalities analysed, which is highly consistent (84%) with the high deforestation in the Legal Amazon.
O objetivo principal do trabalho é compreender a influência e captar as configurações relacionadas ao meio ambiente e à tecnologia dos países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento que compõem a amostra, nos anos de 1990, 2000 e 2010. A base de dados consiste na utilização de fatores relacionados à atividade inovativa ambiental, ao grau de desenvolvimento econômico, às condições de infraestrutura, capacidade de produção de energia alternativa e nível de emissão de gases CO2 e à capacidade científica das nações. A metodologia aplicada aborda um método pouco explorado na literatura sobre inovação e meio ambiente: a técnica de análise qualitativa comparativa (QCA). Ao aplicar a técnica, para cada ano, os resultados fornecem uma análise de eventuais mudanças nas configurações específicas de cada país nesse intervalo temporal. Os resultados revelaram que as configurações que levam à inovação ambiental são representadas por boas condições de capacidade ambiental, científica e econômica.
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