Abstract. Seasonal and interannual variations of blocking in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) are discussed using 25 years of NCEP and 14 years of ECMWF data sets. Both the data sets show that the highest blocking frequency occurs near New Zealand, but ECMWF data seem to show higher blocking frequency. There are large interannual variations in blocking frequency over east and west Pacific, the principal regions of blocking in the SH. Linear correlation coefficients (CC) between the frequency of blocking and the Southern Oscillation Index show mostly negative values, indicating that blocking increases during the E1 Nifio events. A significant value (at 95% level) of CC is found only for the west Pacific in the austral autumn season. Two sets of three high and low blocking frequency years are selected to explore the possible causes for interannual variations. Mak's energy equations are used to examine the differences in energetics. To maximize the differences, two extreme years of blocking, a year of high blocking frequency, 1984, and a year of low blocking frequency, 1990, are considered. It is found that the generation of kinetic energy by barotropic processes on intraseasonal timescales is higher in 1984 than in 1990. This shows that the configuration of seasonal mean (deformation) field supports higher incidence of blocking in 1984 than in 1990.
Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre o impacto dos perfis verticais de temperatura e de umidade. estimados a partir de radiâncias obtidas pelo TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS), nos resultados gerados por um modelo diagnóstico de análise sinóptica sobre a região Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. O processamento das radiâncias do TOVS, sondador que opera a bordo dos satélites meteorológicos de órbita polar da série TIROS-N/NOAA, foi feito utilizando o International TOVS Processing Package-4 (ITPP-4), análises numéricas do National Meteorological Center (NMC) e dados meteorológicos convencionais. A partir dos perfis verticais de temperatura e de umidade obtidos inicialmente, foram gerados campos de temperatura, altura geopotencial, água precipitável, índice de instabilidade e advecções de temperatura e de umidade nos níveis-padrão de pressão. Esses campos foram utilizados no estudo de um caso de chuvas intensas ocorridas no dia 19 de março de 1991, na Grande São Paulo e na região litorânea. Os resultados foram comparados com as análises do NMC e com a situação meteorológica observada nas imagens de satélite. Com base nos resultados, conclue-se que, em geral, o impacto dos dados de satélite é positivo, especialmente pela disponibilidade de dados na região oceânica e pela alta resolução, tanto espacial como temporal. Verifica-se também que há boa concordância entre os resultados TOVS e a situação meteorológica observada nas imagens de satélite. Abstracts of Theses & Dissertationscurta e infravermelha incidentes e refletidos, além de um saldo radiômetro. Próximos à superfície do solo, sob os dosséis, foram usados 16 radiômetros para medir radiação de ondas curtas incidentes, 16 para medir radiação de ondas curtas refletida e 16 para medir radiação fotossinteticamente ativa (PAR). A aquisição dos dados foi efetuada com dois "microloggers" 21X e dois CR-10, que possibilitam obter-se médias de 1 minuto a partir de valores amostrados de 3 em 3 segundos entre 5:50 e 18:00 h, para todos os parâmetros observados. Nos 16 pontos de observação de radiação, tomaram-se fotografias hemisféricas, utilizando-se uma câmara Nikon equipada com lente olho de peixe de 8 mm. Em complementação às medidas de radiação foi determinada a quantidade de Sunflecks. Avaliaramse de forma detalhada a atuação dos componentes do balanço de radiação e a aplicação da metodologia proposta por Steege (1994), que permite estimativas de índices de vegetação e de parâmetros climáticos através da interpretação de fotografias hemisféricas. Constatou-se não existir diferenças entre o albedo de ondas curtas dos três dosséis: campinarana (10,4 %), mata densa e campina (11,3 %). Quanto ao albedo na faixa do visível, na campinarana foi de 1,5 %, na campina 1,4% e na mata densa 2,0 %; já o albedo na faixa espectral do infravermelho próximo, na campinarana foi de 20,2 %, na mata densa 21,2 % e na campina 22,0 %. Verificou-se que na base do dossel de campina chega 5 vezes mais radiação de ondas curtas e infravermelha, e 6 vezes mais PAR que na base do dossel de m...
The interannual variability of precipitation in El Niño/Southern Oscillation-neutral years was studied for the Centro de Lançamento de Alcântara region. Monthly precipitation, sea surface temperature, wind at 925 hPa and outgoing longwave radiation data from various gridded datasets for the 1951-2010 period (60 years) were used. The data grouping was based on terciles. For the Centro de Lançamento de Alcântara in El Niño/Southern Oscillationneutral years, March is the month of the rainy quarter (March to May) when the interhemispheric gradient of the sea surface temperature anomalies over the Atlantic (GRAD) and the atmospheric circulation at 925 hPa over the Centro de Lançamento de Alcântara were able to best explain the variability of precipitation. In this month, the wind direction at 925 hPa was the factor that explained the highest fraction of precipitation variance (40%), followed by GRAD (30%) and the wind magnitude (20%). For the Centro de Lançamento de Alcântara, in general, above-average precipitation was related to weak north-northeasterly low-level winds and southward GRAD, while below-average precipitation was related to strong east-northeasterly low-level winds and northward GRAD. These features were related to an eastward expansion of the Amazon convection towards the northern Northeast Brazil and might be related to a slight southward displacement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone in above-average precipitation years.
Precipitation events are infrequent in the dry quarter (SON) of the Alcântara Launch Center (Centro de Lançamento de Alcântara, CLA), the main launch site of the Brazilian Space Program. However, their occurrence could be a risk for activities during launch missions. In this work, the observational features of wet days (daily precipitation total ≥ 1 mm/day) in the dry quarter of the CLA region were studied. Daily precipitation totals over the course of 37 years (1979-2016, except 2006), outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data and ERA-Interim reanalysis data were used. On average, in the dry quarter, there were 9 wet days, which accumulated 32 mm. The number and quarterly precipitation total of wet days showed pronounced interannual variability. This variability was negatively and significantly correlated with the interhemispheric sea surface temperature anomalies gradient in the Atlantic Ocean and the wind speed at 925 hPa over the CLA region. Based on a theoretical distribution (log-normal), the probability of occurrence of heavy precipitation days (daily total ≥ 10 mm/day) was only 0.5%. For days with heavy precipitation and deep convection (OLR ≤ 230 W·m-2), over a large area along the northeastern coast of South America including the CLA region, negative OLR differences (from the mean) and the strengthening of favorable conditions for deep convection were found. The large-scale organization of the convective activity and atmospheric features for higher precipitation events obtained in this work could be helpful for nowcasting and short-range weather forecasting during launch missions at the CLA.
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