Biological aging is marked by progressively degenerative physiological change that causes damage to tissues and organs. Errors in biopolymers accumulate over time; mitochondrial dysfunction, telomere attrition, and wider genomic instability lead to an altered state of intercellular communication. In this investigation, my focus will be aimed at examining and identifying specifically critical biomarkers in genetic variants of KLOTHO (a transmembrane protein involved in the genetic regulation of age-related disease) among organisms with varied life spans that range across wide taxonomical rankings. Here, I investigate the correlation between lower and higher frequency α-amino acid compositions in Klotho protein factors within a grouped methodology; as to also include several demonstrative techniques in comparative sequence analysis for inferring relatedness in evolutionary context. Keywords: Klotho, KL gene, protein, protein evolution, comparative sequence analysis, multiple sequence alignment, Kalign, phylogenetc analysis, amino acid composition analysis IntroductionPromising new research in life extension has led to remarkable advancements in our basic understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with aging. Within the last two decades, much of this research has focused on identifying potential genomic candidates for longevity, while seeking to explain how these individual genes can affect the biological process of aging. One of the proteins in particular (KLOTHO) has been the subject of several recently published papers. A handful of studies now suggest that genetic variants of KLOTHO [encoded by the KL gene] are associated with human aging and tumor suppression, and trials on model organisms involving KLOTHO variants has shown improvement in cognition and deceleration in age-related development (Dubal et al., 2014). In one such case, Dubal et al. (2014) demonstrated that systemic overexpression of Klotho variants in transgenic mice enhanced cognition and increased longevity by an average ratio of ±25 percent; whereas Klotho-deficient mice manifested a syndrome resembling accelerated human aging and displayed extensive and accelerated arteriosclerosis (Dubal et al., 2014).For reasons that are not yet fully understood, Klotho-associated mechanisms, "change cellular calcium homeostasis, by both increasing the expression and activity of TRPV5 and decreasing that of TRPC6 (Kurosu et al., 2005)." Moreover, altered mineral-ion homeostasis could be a cause of premature aging-like phenotypes (Kurosu et al., 2005). In order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the underlying functions in molecular components of KLOTHO, we should begin by examining KL-derivative patterns across a wide evolutionary spectrum, without limiting ourselves to one individual taxa or another. Because the lifespan of organisms vary widely among species, a comparative approach could help us identify a set of unique signatures in the molecular variation patterns of KLOTHO. In turn, this may help provide meaningful referenc...
This study revisits antibiotic resistance as a source of evolutionary development in pathogenic bacteria. By taking a molecular phylogenetic approach to this inquiry, I seek to find homologous correlations in antimicrobial resistance gene families across a broad spectrum of bacteria, as to identify the possible acquisition of those genes through divergent events in evolutionary context. In order to test this, I examine the various degrees of genetic similarity in two antimicrobial resistance genomic datasets, namely aadA1 & aadA2 aminoglycoside resistance genes, among bacteria that occur in a multitude of environments. Moreover, the results from phylogenetic analysis suggests that pathogenic antibiotic resistance for aadA1 & aadA2 aminoglycoside resistance genes may have been acquired through evolutionary events with a common ancestor of a soil-dwelling bacterium.
This study revisits antibiotic resistance as a source of evolutionary development in pathogenic bacteria. By taking a molecular phylogenetic approach to this inquiry, I seek to find homologous correlations in antimicrobial resistance gene families across a broad spectrum of bacteria, as to identify the possible acquisition of those genes through divergent events in evolutionary context. In order to test this, I examine the various degrees of genetic similarity in two antimicrobial resistance genomic datasets, namely aadA1 & aadA2 aminoglycoside resistance genes, among bacteria that occur in a multitude of environments. Moreover, the results from phylogenetic analysis suggests that pathogenic antibiotic resistance for aadA1 & aadA2 aminoglycoside resistance genes may have been acquired through evolutionary events with a common ancestor of a soil-dwelling bacterium.
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