In this contribution, we described a new fossil of a Pleistocene Tayassuidae from northern Brazil. The specimen is a left dentary with molars assigned to cf. Pecari tajacu recovered from an outcrop of the Rio Madeira Formation, State of Rondônia, Brazil.It represents the first Pleistocene fossil of this clade with stratigraphic provenance in the Amazon region of Brazil. This record contributes to the knowledge on the paleofauna of Rio Madeira Formation as well as extend the past geographic distribution of peccaries in South America.
Factors such as the discordance on the choice of characters by different authors and the fragmentary condition of the majority of fossils are responsible for many issues on the taxonomy of the South American Tayassuidae. The extinct Tayassuidae species Catagonus stenocephalus (Lund in Reinhardt 1880) presents a confuse nomenclatural history and a questionable genus designation. The morphometric analysis performed in this study, based on craniomandibular and dental characters, allowed to distinguished three groups morphologically distant from each other within the Catagonus genus. This result highlights the need for more precise phylogenetic analysis for the definition of taxonomic groups in the South American Tayassuidae.
Keywords: Catagonus stenocephalus, morphometric analysis, Quaternary, taxonomy.
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