Background: Nursing philosophy is the foundation of nurse practitioner (NP) training. However, NP practice is based on the medical care model. Thus, the necessity of mediating between these two approaches is often problematic for new NPs who are transitioning into their new roles. Mentoring has been used successfully to facilitate role transition and role understanding for nurses, NPs, and physicians. However, mentoring has been rarely studied in NPs. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a theory of mentoring for new NPs in a hospital setting. Methods: Grounded theory methodology was used. The sampling approach was initially purposive and was then shifted to theoretical to ensure the collection of meaningful data. Semistructuredinterviews were recorded and transcribed into Word documents for analysis. The three-phase analysis developed by Corbin and Strauss was initiated after the second interview. Results: Sixteen participants (eight mentors and eight mentees) were interviewed between February and June 2011. The core category that emerged from the data was “defining self,” and the main categories were forming the relationship, developing the relationship, and mentoring outcomes. Conclusions: A well-designed formal mentoring program may greatly improve the transition of NPs into a new role. The theory generated by the data from these study participants provides clearly defined categories that may be operationally defined and utilized to develop evaluation tools for mentoring programs.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of mastitis in female lactating dogs by interpreting the milk cytology in the diagnostic protocol. Milk samples were manually collected in sterile vials from 89 lactating bitches (i.e., 157 mammary glands) aged between 10 and 168 months. Milk smears were obtained by using the squash and May-Grünwald-Giemsa (MGG) techniques. Acute mastitis episodes were consistent with increased numbers of degenerated neutrophils, erythrocytes, and engulfed bacteria. Eosinophils were present in retention mastitis inflammations. Foamy cells were present in every type of inflammation. Subclinical cases of mastitis were characterized by a reduced number of neutrophils with engulfed bacteria. The period of lactation has a great influence on the type of mastitis encountered. Our results have showed that the lactation period has influence over different types of mammary gland inflammations. In most cases, galactostasis (65%) followed by subclinical mastitis (22%) and acute mastitis (13%) were encountered. Neutrophils and phagocytosis exhibited specificity for acute inflammations, whereas eosinophils and foamy cells were consistent with cases of retention mastitis. The presence of red blood cells in most cases was correlated with acute inflammations. It seems that cytological evaluation of milk could be quite helpful in diagnosing mammary gland inflammations..
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the mental health and well-being of health care workers (HCWs). This study examined mental health outcomes and COVID-related stress impacts among a diverse sample of ambulatory HCWs, including clinicians and support staff, as well as the associations between mental health outcomes and work impairments in this population. Detailing these results can help in designing interventions to alleviate this burden. Methods “The Health Care Worker Stress Survey” was administered to ambulatory care providers and support staff at three multispecialty care delivery organizations as part of an online, cross-sectional study conducted between June 8, 2020, and July 13, 2020. Results The greatest stress impact reported by HCWs was the uncertainty regarding when the COVID-19 outbreak would be under control, while the least reported concern was about self-dying from COVID-19. Differences in COVID-19 stress impacts were observed by age, gender, and occupational risk factors. Approximately 50% of participants reported more than a minimal level of anxiety, including 22.5% who indicated moderate to severe levels of anxiety. Higher levels of anxiety were observed with younger ages and female gender, while occupational roles with increased exposure risk did not report higher levels of anxiety. Roughly two-thirds of the sample reported less than good sleep quality and one-third to one-half of the sample reported other sleep related problems that differed by age and gender. Role limitations due to emotional health correlated with COVID-19 related stress, anxiety and sleep problems. Conclusions Using established, validated measures, we quantified mental health outcomes within a diverse sample of ambulatory care HCWs during the pandemic. Younger and female HCWs reported greater anxiety burden; HCWs with higher occupational risk of COVID exposure did not report higher levels of anxiety. Notable proportions of HCWs reported sleep and work impairments. Due to the cross-sectional nature of the study, it is difficult to attribute these patterns to the pandemic. These results underscore the depth and extent of mental health outcomes in HCWs in ambulatory settings and raise important questions on new interventions to relieve that burden. Further research is needed to study specific interventions to support the mental health and wellbeing of HCWs.
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