The areas yielding the most dry beans per acre lie in the vicinity of Chone , Manabi, and Vinces, Los Rios, where the average production on the best haciendas approaches 250 pounds per acre. Cultivation practices consist of weeding the plantation once or twice each year. Pruning, spraying, and the use of fertilizers are not generally practiced. Trucks and tractors were reported on only 6 percent of the haciendas studied, and such agricultural machinery as plows, discs, and harrows is used on correspondingly few. The machete is still the standard implement. Fermentation in tanks or boxes is not practiced in preparing the beans for market. Instead, they are spread on floors where they dry slowly and ferment. The most important diseases are witches '-broom, caused by Marasmius pernic I ousus , and Monilia pod rot, caused by MomLia rpreri. These two diseases have contributed greatly to the 65-percent reduction in average annual production during the two decades ending in 1947. On old plantations, the decrease was probably as great as 80 percent. Witches '-broom appears to be the more serious disease, destroying not only the fruits but also the foliage and flowers. Among the various types of cacao Venezuela, there are some that are more resistant to disease than cacao nacional. The red-pod types are usually more susceptible than the yellow. The incidence of w i tc he s '-broom disease decreases and yield increases from the Province of Los Bios in the north to the Province of El Oro in the south, due probably to rainfall and sunlight. A total of 339 superior trees from all provinces were selected for study because of their disease resistance and high-yielding ability. Insects and animal pests, especially cacao beetles, various butterfly larvae, thrips, and squirrels cause damage to the crop, particularly in plantations adjacent to abandoned or semi abandoned cacao. Management in most haciendas comes from the resident foreman, with infrequent visits and guidance from the nonresident owner. There is usually insufficient working capital utilized on the haciendas to permit efficient production. Labor shortages and hand methods also seriously handicap proper operation of many haciendas. Resident labor provides most of the workers, on large haciendas, while small haciendas depend more upon nonresident and migratory help. Improvement in diet, sanitation, living conditions, and education facilities are needed in all cacao zones. Low prices and abnormally low production prompted growers to increase the cultivation of more profitable cash crops, such as rice, corn, and bananas. Diversification in agriculture is practiced on a few of the haciendas only, and most of them have little livestock. Growers emphasized the need for the maintenance of favorable prices and the establishment of agricultural credit facilities for long periods of time at reasonable rates of interest. Growers also desire technical service to develop and make available superior planting materials and cultivation practices.-3
A number of analytically derived formulas for estimating the predictive power of a regression model have been offered as viable alternatives to empirical cross-validation. Although point estimates of the squared population multiple correlation, p 2 and the squared population cross-validated correlation, PC based on the sample Jf are reasonably precise, comparable formulas for estimates of their variances are shown to be too inaccurate for generating meaningful confidence intervals for p c 2 in sample sizesThis document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.
No abstract
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.