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A sleep spectrogram derived from information in a single-lead electrocardiogram can be used to dynamically track cardiopulmonary interactions. The 2 distinct (bimodal) regimes demonstrate a closer relationship with visual cyclic alternating pattern and non-cyclic alternating pattern states than with standard sleep stages. This technique may provide a complementary approach to the conventional characterization of graded non-rapid eye movement sleep stages.

In a large health maintenance organization, a case-management system was considerably more effective than usual medical care for modification of coronary risk factors after myocardial infarction.