Organizational agility is a complex and multidimensional concept. One of the challenges in researching organizational
The article aims to propose a different approach to assessing smart cities which combines some commonly used indicators with several new ones in line with the concept of sustainability. The aspect of sustainable development as an essential driver for the smart city and the combination of indicators for sustainable and smart city concepts have been analysed fragmentarily so far. There are many different approaches to evaluate the indicators of city smartness; however, very little attention is paid to the analysis of the reciprocal importance of the indicators. Ten indicators representing a smart city were selected that would be keep in line all the three pillars of sustainability—environmental, social, and economic. An expert survey was conducted to assign the weights of indicators using the pairwise comparison approach. The results were processed by utilising the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP), which reduces the subjectivity in the experts’ answers. The presented approach differs from the ones commonly used and while it does not cover a wide range of usual indicators, it proposes some new ideas for further research. Some represent cities to attract young and intelligent citizens, others relate to comfortable and safe living conditions and the environmental situation. The results revealed that the most vital smartness indicators are foreign direct investments, pollutant emission, and the share of people registered as unemployed among the working-age population. These indicators cannot be easily identified as ones representing a smart city, but rather as indicators representing investment and environmental, sustainable aspects. Hence, finding a balance between the indicators related to sustainable and smart city is what highlights the need for further research.
Not only the size but also the composition of shadow economy and undeclared work are different in the EU Member States. The illegal work is apparent in sectors, where there is a high need of physical work, not requiring high qualification or competence, which is often associated with the second job that is performed in order to increase the income in an unofficial way, when the employers pay the whole or part of the salary illegally in order to avoid taxes; the employees work based on the contracts that are filled in an incorrect manner or without them, as well as when the overtime is not recorded, etc. The analysis of a scientific literature shows that the change and the situation in the market of the illegal work are assessed basing them on different methodological approaches, based on unequal criteria, the reformation of the labour market in different countries is implemented in different direction/uneven track. This is related not only with different economic and social status of the countries, demographical changes, legal basis, but also with different policy, views and assessment indicators. Objectives of the research: 1) considering the variety of theoretical concepts for illegal work, to specify the changes in the definition of illegal work in the individual EU countries; 2) to identify the assessment methodologies of illegal work and changes of its extent; 3) to review the extents of illegal work in the EU countries and Lithuania, by providing measures for reducing it.
Outsourcing, as a managerial phenomenon, is gaining importance and attention among both scientists and entrepreneurs. Despite an increasing outsourcing practice among business units, the nature of factors affecting growth of the use of outsourcing on service companies have not received adequate attention in the scientific literature. The aim of paper is to provide in-depth analysis of factor affecting the spread of outsourcing practice among service companies. A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted in the fields of services, to achieve a thorough understanding of the issues involved, and identify the crucial factors affecting the use outsourcing in service companies. Literature analysis shows that spread of outsourcing is affected by external and internal factors. Most important internal factors affecting growth of outsourcing use in service companies are strategic and economic factors.
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