The respiratory rates/minute of 97 children were monitored every 10-15 minutes over one hour, by an observer and by pneumogram, at which times two 30 second and one 60 second counts were obtained. (1) To determine the accuracy of respiratory rate counting by comparing observer counts with those obtained from an electronic pneumogram for 30 second and 60 second counting intervals.(2) To determine the effect of (i) the age, (ii) the illness, and (iii) the state of the child (that is, whether the child was sleeping, calm and awake, feeding, or agitated) on the accuracy of counting.(3) To determine the natural variability in the respiratory rate over one hour.(4) To determine how many attempts at obtaining a respiratory rate resulted in failures and identify the reasons for failures.Subjects and methods Subjects were prospectively enrolled in the study and consisted of children less than 5 years of age seen at three locations within the 1199 on 11 May 2018 by guest. Protected by copyright.

Consistent EMG, histologic, and vocal fold motion changes occur at specific time periods during RLN reinnervation after transection and anastomosis in a rat model. Reinnervation is mature at 16 weeks. Findings corroborate theories of preferential and synkinetic reinnervation after RLN transection. Use of a rat model to investigate the effect of interventions on RLN reinnervation requires a minimum of 16 weeks between transection and investigation to allow for maturation of reinnervation.

Compliance for completion of forms was 97%. The system facilitated the educational management of our training program along multiple dimensions. The small perceptual differences among a highly selected group of residents have made the unambiguous validation of the system challenging. The instruments and approach warrant further study. Improvements are likely best achieved in broad consultation among other otolaryngology programs.

We have developed a standardized method of crush injury to the rat RLN model and a minimally invasive transoral bipolar spontaneous EMG technique to serially evaluate and follow nerve injury and recovery in rats. This model is intended to simulate intraoperative RLN injury, to elucidate the electrophysiological events that occur during nerve recovery, and to form the basis for studying agents to enhance such recovery.

This model is useful to simulate intraoperative RLN injuries and to better understand the electrophysiologic events during nerve recovery. The severity of injury to the RLN dictates histologic, neurologic and functional recovery of the laryngeal motor system. This model is useful to evaluate the efficacy of systemic and local neurotropic agents in the treatment of RLN injury.