We evaluated the effectiveness of alternative fumigants on weed control, soil pests, plant growth and marketable roots production in a commercial nursery located at high-elevation and low latitude (Ciudad Guzman, Jalisco) during 2013 and 2014. Treatments were: Methyl bromide with chloropicrin (MB:CP); 1,3-dichloropropene:CP (1,3D:CP); CP alone; metam sodium (MS) alone; dimethyl disulphide with CP (DMDS:CP); and sequentially applied CP and MS (CP+MS). A Rotary Spading Machine was used for MS and CP followed by MS. All treatments except MS and CP+MS in 2014 controlled Rhizoctonia and all controlled Phytophthora in 2013, but none controlled Fusarium in soil. No significant nematode, Verticillium and Pythium populations were detected in nursery soil before treatments. No diseased plants were observed throughout the cultivation cycle. Densities and fresh weights of graminoid weeds were significantly reduced by MB:CP and CP+MS, but none of the fumigants controlled all forbs. Only Echinochloa crus-galli, Digitaria spp., Sonchus oleraceus, and Amaranthus hybridus densities and biomass were reduced 50-78% by all fumigants. The highest commercial yield of raspberry roots and plant emergence were recorded with MB:CP and 1,3D:CP, while CP and MS only increased plant emergence. Finally, two years of work on MB alternatives were not sufficient to provide reliable recommendations on this critical need, therefore MBTOC recommended CUN for MB in 2015.
Fragmentation and degradation of forest habitats affects (the susceptibility of several species is high) highly sensitive species, provoking a serious decrease in biodiversity. To deal with this problem it is necessary to consider the conservation level of bioindicator species and the development of a sustainable forest management of the natural resources. Within this framework, the current study poses the statistical binomial logit modeling to identify the potential habitat of endemic birds (Rhinocryptids) in rain forests in the south of Chile, biodiversity “hostpot” worldwide. The research allowed to identify a potential area of habitat of 14619 hectares with high probability presence of the studied birds. This area presented certain habitat constraints both topographic and vegetation factors. The studied birds showed a high selection of habitats associated to mixed forests of Nothofagus species, sites with high stratification and understory presence. The low quantity of Rhinocryptidae family species was associated to exclusive forests of Araucaria araucana, which exist at higher altitudes. The model of potential habitat of bioindicator birdlife (avifauna) within a system of geographic information it is presented as an efficient tool of information among the degree of alteration of ecosystems and for decision-makings in native forest management.
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