Passive smoking led to substantial structural changes in the salivary glands which could significantly affect function.

Alcohol intake during pregnancy has a tremendous impact on the developing brain. Embryonic and early postnatal alcohol exposures have been investigated experimentally to elucidate the fetal alcohol spectrum disorders' (FASD) milieu, and new data have emerged to support a devastating effect on the GABAergic system in the adult and developing nervous system. GABA is a predominantly inhibitory neurotransmitter that during development excites neurons and orchestrates several developmental processes such as proliferation, migration, differentiation, and synaptogenesis. This review summarizes and brings new data on neurodevelopmental aspects of the GABAergic system with FASD in experimental telencephalic models. Anat Rec, 292:1922Rec, 292: -1939Rec, 292: , 2009. Key words: GABA; developing brain; prenatal ethanol exposure; cortical neurons; ganglionic eminence THE DEVELOPING TELENCEPHALONThe central nervous system develops in a programmed order, following subsequent steps. Because of the cellular diversity and complexity throughout its laminar and areal structure, the cerebral cortex is a good model for studying developmental events. After closure of the neural tube, progenitor cells located near its lumen (ventricular zones) start to proliferate intensely, first to increase progenitor pool and then to originate postmitotic cells (Rakic, 1988). The destination of proliferating cells is largely influenced by their mitotic spindle rotation during metaphase and their cleavage plane during Abbreviations used: ARBD ¼ alcohol-related birth defects; ARND ¼ alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders; BDNF ¼ brain-derived neurotrophic factor; BrdU ¼ bromodeoxyuridine;

SUMMARY:The muscle designated by a group of authors as the sphenomandibular or, according to recent studies, the deep bundle of the temporal muscle, presents important anatomical relationships, especially in a medical-odontological context. In view of this divergence, the aim of the present study was to observe the morphology by means of dissection of the formaldehyde-preserved heads, using two different techniques to access the muscle region in question, designated as trans-zygomatic and frontal access routes. The results permitted, by observation of the dissections frontally, the presence of fascicles standing apart from the deep bundle muscle venter, which was named intermediary bundle. This bundle presented two portions, a meaty upper portion and a tendinous lower portion, which continues with the tendinous part of the superficial bundle present on the internal surface of the coronoid process. In view of the material observations, it can be concluded that, due to the total absence of muscular fascia between its bundles, the temporal muscle is a unique entity presenting three bundles -the deep, the intermediate and the superficial.KEY WORDS: Sphenomandibular muscle; Dissection; Deep bundle of the temporal muscle.

and reliability of the Q8RN, adult version. Descriptive, methodological study, involving 504 participants of Health Fairs in Sao Paulo. Factorial Confirmatory Analysis (FCA) was performed in program R, with WLMSV estimation, polychoric type. There was evidence of validity of the Q8RN instrument, whose goodness of fit adjustments were: CFI = 0.965, Tucker-Lewis Index-TLI = 0.952 and Parsimony adjustment index RMSEA = 0.034. The eight dimensions were maintained, but the questions reduced from 25 to 22. Cronbach's Alpha was 0.72, indicating internal reliability. The questionnaire reached adequate indexes, being considered a valid instrument to measure adherence to the eight natural remedies in adults.

This study was designed to assess the size and distribution of muscle fiber types in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and stable chronic hypoxemia. Brachial biceps biopsies were performed in 8 patients and 12 controls. Histochemistry was used to count and determine the cross-sectional area of the various fiber-types (1, 2a, and 2b). A significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the proportion of type 2a fibers and an increase in the proportion and cross-sectional area of type 2b fibers were seen in hypoxemic patients. These findings suggest an adaptation of the muscle fibers to a low partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood.