ResumenEste trabajo se realizó en la localidad de Jipijapa, en la provincia de Manabí (Ecuador), con el objetivo de caracterizar las fincas productoras de café. Se trabajó con la Asociación Cafetalera de Cabo de Hacha con una población de 451 productores de la que se tomó una muestra (n=83) para hacer una encuesta que incluía preguntas relacionadas con aspectos técnicos y socio-económicos de la finca. Los resultados indican que las fincas cafetaleras son muy complejas, que las familias tienen una alta dependencia del cultivo de café; pero tienen pequeñas áreas dedicadas a otros cultivos, aunque sin mayor aplicación tecnológica y cuya producción se destina mayormente al autoconsumo familiar. También se encontró que hay un déficit importante de servicios básicos en la zona bajo estudio. El análisis de conglomerado por el Método de Ward y con una distancia Euclidiana Cuadrada de 900, agrupó las fincas en siete grupos. Uno de los grupos estuvo conformado por las fincas 19, 24, 36 y 81, estas cultivan el mismo tipo de café cultivado y obtienen los mismos rendimientos de café cerezo. Palabras clave: Fincas, diagnóstico agrícola, caracterización, café, Ecuador. AbstractThis research was carried out to characterize coffee farms located at the province of Manabí (Ecuador). We worked with the Coffee Producers Association of Cabo de Hacha which has a population of 451 farmers from which a sample (n=83) was taken to conduct a survey which included technical and socio-economic questions related to coffee farming. Results showed that coffee farms are very complex, that families have a high dependence on the cultivation of coffee; but also have small areas devoted to other crops, in which a low level of technology is used and are mainly for self-consumption. We also found that there is a lack of basic services in the area under study. The cluster analysis using Ward's method and a distance of 900 Euclidean Square, grouped farms into seven groups. One group consisted of farms number 19, 24, 36 and 81, that grow the same type of coffee and obtain similar coffee cherry yields. Key words: Farms, agricultural diagnosis, characterization, coffee three, Ecuador. Introducción.El café, en el Ecuador, es un cultivo de gran importancia económica, ya que cuenta con 199 215 ha cultivadas, el 68% de esta área corresponde a la especie Coffea arabica y el 32% a Coffea canephora (PRO ECUADOR, 2013). El cultivo de café está distribuido en 23 de las 24 provincias del país, por lo tanto está relacionado con un amplio tejido social. C. arábica recibe el nombre de café arábigo y es considerado el de mejor calidad, su producción se concentra en las provincias de Manabí (especialmente en la localidad de Jipijapa), Loja y en las estribaciones de la Cordillera Occidental de los Andes. En cambio, C. canephora, llamado café robusta, se cultiva mayormente en la Amazonía, es decir en Sucumbíos y Orellana (Aspiazu & Navarro, 2009). Jipijapa cuenta con el 38.6 % del área sembrada y se considera que de ahí proviene el café arábigo de mejor calidad en el Ecuad...

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el comportamiento de tres cultivares de café (Catimor,

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Agricultural activities are affected by many biotic and abiotic stresses associated with global climate change. Predicting the response of plants to abiotic stress under future climate scenarios requires an understanding of plant biochemical performance in simulated stress conditions. In this study, the antioxidant response of Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Mombaça exposed to warming (+2°C above ambient temperature) (eT), water deficit (wS) and the combination eT + wS was analysed under field conditions using a temperature free‐air‐controlled enhancement facility. Warming was applied during the entire growth period. Data were collected at 13, 19 and 37 days after the start of the water deficit treatment (DAT) and at two sampling times (6:00 and 12:00 h). A significant decrease in chlorophyll was observed under the wS treatment, but an increment in total chlorophyll was observed in eT + wS, particularly at 19 DAT. Significant increase in H2O2 content, malondialdehyde and protein oxidation was observed in the wS treatment at noon of the third sampling. In the combined wS + eT stress treatment, the activity of the enzymatic antioxidant system increased, particularly of superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.11). The chlorophyll fluorescence images showed that the photochemical performance was not significantly affected by the treatments. In conclusion, under simulated future warming and water stress conditions, the photosystem II (PSII) activity of P. maximum acclimated to moderate warming and a water‐stressed environment associated with a relatively favourable antioxidant response, particularly in the activity of APX and SOD.

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<p><strong>Background</strong>. Currently, agricultural production systems are intensives and develop in a context of climate change, soil degradation, environmental pollution, and scarce resources. Thus, it is necessary to know the level of sustainability of agroecosystems and its implications in economic, environmental and social terms. <strong>Objective</strong>. The aimed of this research was to carry out a systematic review of the methodologies used to evaluate the economic, environmental and social sustainability of agricultural production systems (SPA). <strong>Methodology</strong>. The study was carried out in accordance with the PRISMA statement (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyzes), a systematic literature study was carried out in the global databases ScienceDirect, JSTOR, SpringerLink, Dialnet, Google Scholar, Google Academic, using as search terms using the Boolean operator: “evaluation, methodologies, agricultural sustainability”. Zotero (www.zotero.org), a free access manager for bibliographic references, was used. In the case of Peru, the database of the Doctoral Program in Sustainable Agriculture of the Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (PDAS-UNALM) was reviewed. <strong>Results</strong>. Twenty-two frameworks or methodological proposals were found. Some frameworks and methodological proposals focus on the construction of indicators of environmental and economic sustainability and to a lesser extent social ones; others in defining sustainability indices, synthesizing values of economic, environmental and social indicators in a single numerical value; and another group that develop conceptual evaluation frameworks with a hierarchical structure of the indicators, start from attributes or objectives, perform the comparison of reference and alternative production systems, and due to their flexibility, they are applicable in different SPAs. In 88% of the sustainability study cases in Peru, the methodological proposal of "Multicriteria Analysis" was used, explained by its low cost, easy definition and interpretation of indicators and adaptable to evaluate the sustainability of most SPA from Peru. <strong>Implications.</strong> The application of methodologies to evaluate the economic, environmental and social sustainability of agricultural production systems are not rigid, in some cases they can be adapted or modified according to the criteria of the researchers based on the characteristics of the agroecosystems. <strong>Conclusions</strong>. For the evaluation of the sustainability of SPAs where a large amount of information with economic, environmental and social variables is involved, there are alternatives such as frameworks or methodological proposals that can be adapted according to the objectives, spatial analysis or their multidimensional nature. In cases of SPA sustainability analysis studies in Peru carried out between 2012 and 2020, it was found that 88% used the methodological proposal of Sarandón and Flores (2009) based on the "Multicriteria Analysis" and define the levels of sustainability with indices.</p>

En el cultivo de piña en el Perú existe carencia de estudios sobre la fertilización, con fuentes orgánicas e inorgánicas. Por tal motivo, se llevó a cabo este experimento cuyos objetivos fueron determinar la influencia del abono orgánico Alopes Forte, con y sin una fertilización mineral, sobre el crecimiento vegetativo, la productividad, la calidad del fruto y aspectos económicos en la producción de este cultivo. El material vegetal usado fue la piña cultivar ‘Golden’, la cual fue sometida a los siguientes tratamientos: T1: Testigo; T2: Alopes Forte (25 ‰); T3: Alopes Forte (50 ‰); T4: Alopes Forte (20 ‰) + N150-P75-K200-Mg25-Ca25; T5: Alopes Forte (20 ‰) + N250-P125-K300-Mg50-Ca50; T6: N300-P150-K400-Mg50-Ca50 y T7: N500-P250-K600-Mg100- Ca100. Los resultados muestran que no hubo diferencias entre los tratamientos para el número de hojas, sin embargo en la longitud, peso fresco y seco de la hoja D, se destaca el tratamiento T7, mientras que en tenor nitrógeno (hoja D) fueron los tratamientos T4, T5, T6 y T7 los que mostraron mejor resultado. Tanto en las variables de calidad del fruto (diámetro inferior, medio, superior, diámetro del eje central del fruto, número de frutillos por fruto, longitud del fruto, peso fresco del fruto con corona y sin corona, y tenor de sólidos solubles) como en el ingreso y rentabilidad en la producción de piña se destacó el tratamiento T7. Estos resultados demuestran que el abono orgánico usado no tuvo influencia sobre las variables evaluadas, además, que el uso de fertilizantes sintéticos afectó positivamente a las variables en estudio.

Introduction. Ecuador occupies the fourth place in cocoa exports with 293,487 tons per year, produced on 559,617 hectares. However, its yield per hectare is low mainly due to the presence of pathogens that affect the pods. Objective. To evaluates different methods of control of pathogens of the Theobroma cacao cv ‘CCN-51’ pod. Materials and methods. The work was carried out in Luz de America, Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, Ecuador, between 2016 and 2017. The treatments were the result of the combination of cultural practices + two fungicides (Chlorothalonil and Pyraclostrobin) + one biofungicide Serenade® (Bacillus subtilis QST713), with and without fertilizers. In total, 16 treatments were evaluated with 3 replicates or blocks, installed in a commercial cocoa plantation cv ‘CCN-51’ and under a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Results. The use of fungicides (chemical and biological), decreased the incidence of moniliasis (Moniliophthora roreri), black pod rot (Phytophthora spp.), and cherelle wilt; but the application of fertilizers did not increase the effectiveness of these products. Treatment with only cultural practices did not decrease the final incidence of moniliasis, nor of brown rot, in contrast, the final incidence of cherelle wilt increased. The number of pods and the yield were not directly related and the highest yield of fermented and dry cocoa, corresponded to T9 [Cultural labors + Serenade® (0.2 kg ha-1) (every 15 days) + Fertilizer (0.3 kg ha-1) + Fertilizer (1 kg plant-1)], a treatment that also had the highest net income per hectare. Conclusion. Chemical and biological control can manage cocoa pods pathogens. The integration of both control methods allowed the cocoa producer to obtain greater income.