In 1988, Brazilian Constitution definedhealth as a universal right and state responsibility. Progress towards universal health coverage (UHC) has been achieved through a Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde, SUS) which was created in 1990. With successes and setbacks in the implementation of health programmes and organization of its health system, Brazil has achieved nearly-universal access to health services for her citizens. The trajectory of the development and expansion of the SUS offers valuable lessons on how to scale UHC in a health system in a highly-unequal country and relatively low resources. The analysis of the 30 years since the inception of SUS shows that innovations in the Brazilian health system extend beyond the development of new models of care and highlights the importance of establishing political, legal, organizational and management-related structures, and the role of the federal and local governments in the governance, planning, financing, and provision of health services. The expansion of SUS has allowed Brazil to rapidly address the changing health needs, with dramatic scaling up health service coverage in just three decades. However, despite its successes, analysis of future scenarios suggests the urgent need to address lingering geographic inequalities, insufficient funding, and the suboptimal private-public collaboration. Recent fiscal policies that ushered austerity measures, environmental, educational and health policies of the new administraion introduced in Brazil could reverse the hard-earned achievements of the SUS and threaten its sustainability and its ability to fulfil its constitutional mandate of providing 'health for all'. 2000 2010 2015 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) 87•6 98•6 98•9 99•1 Immunization, BCG (% of one-year-old children) 79 99 99 99 Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months) 78 99 99 96 Immunization, DPT (% of children ages 12-23 months) 66 98 99 96 Immunization, Hib3 (% of children ages 12-23 months) 90 99 96 Immunization, Pol3 (% of one-year-old children) 58 99 99 98 Immunization, HepB3 (% of one-year-old children) 94 96 96 Antiretroviral therapy coverage (% people living with HIV) 27 38 57
Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto (Open Access) sob a licença Creative Commons Attribution, que permite uso, distribuição e reprodução em qualquer meio, sem restrições, desde que o trabalho original seja corretamente citado.O papel da atenção primária na rede de atenção à saúde no Brasil: limites e possibilidades no enfrentamento da COVID-19
PurposeThis paper aims to: analyze the challenge of health services fragmentation; present the attributes of integrated health service delivery networks (IHSDNs); review lessons learned on integration; examine recent developments in selected countries; and discuss policy implications of implementing IHSDNs.Design/methodology/approachA literature review, expert meetings, and country consultations (national, subregional, and regional) in the Americas resulted in a set of consensus‐based essential attributes for implementing IHSDNs. The analysis of 11 country case studies on integration allowed for the identification of lessons learned.FindingsStudies suggest that IHSDNs could improve health systems performance. Principal findings include: integration processes are difficult, complex, and long term; integration requires extensive systemic changes and a commitment by health workers, health service managers and policymakers; and, multiple modalities and degrees of integration can coexist within a system. The public policy objective is to propose a design that meets each system's specific organizational needs.Research limitations/implicationsThe analysis presented in this paper is qualitative.Practical implicationsSome policy implications for implementing IHSDNs are presented in the paper.Originality/valueThe research and evidence on integration remains limited. The paper expands the knowledge‐base on the topic, presenting lessons learned on integration and recent developments in selected countries, which can support integration efforts in the region.
Objetivo. Elaborar recomendações estratégicas para fortalecer a atenção primária à saúde (APS) no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no Brasil a partir da consulta a especialistas. Método. Este estudo qualitativo, desenvolvido de março a agosto de 2018, foi composto pela aplicação de questionário aberto e construção de consenso entre 20 participantes representativos das cinco macrorregiões brasileiras, selecionados a partir do critério de reconhecida experiência profissional na APS. Os participantes responderam 20 perguntas abertas em questionário on-line elaborado pelos pesquisadores. Os achados foram sistematizados na forma de recomendações, submetidas a avaliação de prioridade pelo grupo de especialistas utilizando a metodologia Delphi em rodada única. As recomendações finais foram discutidas em oficina presencial. Resultados. Dos 20 especialistas, 18 responderam ao questionário aberto, gerando 84 temas, sistematizados em 44 propostas. Após avaliação, foram elaboradas 20 recomendações, que enfatizaram a expansão da Estratégia Saúde da Família; a ampliação do acesso à APS; a formação de profissionais para atuação multidisciplinar na APS; a alocação de tecnologias para garantir resolutividade na APS; o aprimoramento da regulação/coordenação de serviços para fortalecer a APS como elemento estruturante do SUS; estrutura e financiamento; recursos humanos, provimento de profissionais, apoio e estímulo às equipes; produção e divulgação de conhecimento; transparência nas ações da APS; e o papel mediador da APS no sistema de saúde. Conclusões. Os achados reforçam a ESF como melhor modelo para garantir uma APS forte no SUS, aliada a políticas que priorizem os atributos essenciais da APS, sobretudo pela inovação em tecnologias assistenciais, de gestão e de comunicação.
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