RESUMO -Calophyllum brasiliense Camb. é uma espécie predominante de áreas com alta saturação hídrica, sendo comum nos ambientes cilares do sul de Minas Gerais. Com o intuito de se estudar a variabilidade genética dessa espécie, 20 indivíduos reprodutivos de C. brasiliense foram amostrados de duas populações localizadas a montante do Reservatório Hidroelétrico do Funil, localizado no Município de Lavras,MG. A análise de eletroforese isoenzimática permitiu a obtenção de 17 alelos, distribuídos entre oito locos, sendo estes representados em cinco sistemas enzimáticos: α-esterase, β-esterase, fosfatase ácida, glutamato oxalacetato, malato desidrogenase e transaminase. Os índices de diversidade revelaram um baixo número de alelos por loco em ambas as populações (1,75 e 1,50). A porcentagem de locos polimórficos (P) foi de 37,5% e 50% nas populações I e II, respectivamente. A heterozigosidade média observada foi de 0,119 e 0,111 e a esperada, de 0,131 e 0,112. O número de migrantes ( ) encontrado entre as populações foi de 2,70. O tamanho efetivo estimado foi de 18 indivíduos para a população I e 19 para a II.Palavras-chave: Isoenzimas, tamanho efetivo e variabilidade genética. ABSTRACT -Calophyllum brasiliense Camb. is a predominant species in areas with high water saturationsuch as the riparian forests in southern Minas Gerais State. The objective of this research was to study the genetic variability of C. brasiliense populations. Twenty individuals were sampled from two populations located in Funil Dam in Lavras-MG. Isozyme eletrophoresis analysis provided evidence of 17 alleles distributed in 8 loci, which were represented in five enzymatic systems: α-esterase, β esterase, acid phosphatase, malate dehydrogenase and transaminase oxalacetatum glutamate. The diversity indexes showed a low number of alleles per loci in both populations, pop I (1.75) and pop II (1.50). The polymorphic loci percentage (P) were 37.5% and 50% in populations I and II respectively. The mean heterozygosities were 0.119 and 0.111, while the expected was 0.131 and 0.112. The number of migrants ( ) between populations was 2.70. The estimated effective size was 18 individuals for population I, and 19 for population II.
Wood characterization must be done in huge populations of Eucalyptus breeding programs in order to efficiently select potential trees. In this study, Eucalyptus benthamii wood was non-destructively characterized and the performance of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in estimating the wood basic density, lignin, extractive, glucose, xylan contents and total carbohydrates was evaluated. NIR models for wood traits were performed from 481 trees from E. benthamii progeny test (4-year-old) managed for pulp cultivated in Santa Catarina state, Southern Brazil. Increment cores were sampled for chemical and physical characterization in laboratory, as well as for NIR spectroscopy analyses. Three 350 samples were selected from PCA for model calibrations whereas 131 were reserved for independent test validation. The E. benthamii wood presented the standards required for Kraft pulp processing. The predictive NIR models showed satisfactory ability for estimating the chemical properties of wood. The prediction models for total lignin, extractive and xylan contents and total carbohydrates showed coefficients of determination of 0.53, 0.65; 0.36 and 0.53, with RPD values for these traits ranging from 1.3 to 2.3. The predictive model for basic density of wood and glucose presented low coefficient of determination (0.13 and 0.10). However, isn't possible to use these models for ranking in genetic selection because there was no correlation. Therefore, NIR spectroscopy can potentially be applied in breeding programs, as it enables an early, non-destructive selection of trees with adequate physical and chemical properties for pulp production process. MODELOS DE ESPECTROSCOPIA NIR PARA FENOTIPAGEM DAS CARACTERÍSTICAS DA MADEIRA EM PROGRAMAS DE MELHORAMENTO DE Eucalyptus benthamii RESUMO:A caracterização da madeira deve ser feita em grandes populações dos programas de melhoramento de eucaliptos, a fim de selecionar eficientemente árvores potenciais. Neste estudo, a madeira de E. benthamii foi caracterizada de forma não destrutiva e avaliou-se o desempenho da espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo (NIR) na estimativa da densidade básica da madeira, lignina, extrativos, glicose, xilanas e carboidratos totais. Modelos NIR para características da madeira foram realizados a partir de 481 árvores do teste de progênie de E. benthamii (4 anos de idade) destinada a produção de celulose no estado de Santa Catarina, no sul do Brasil. Baguetas foram amostrados para caracterização química e física em laboratório, bem como para análises de espectroscopia NIR. 350 amostras foram selecionadas via PCA para calibrações de modelos, enquanto 131 foram reservadas para o teste de validação independente. A madeira de E. benthamii apresentou os padrões exigidos para processo de polpa Kraft. Os modelos preditivos NIR apresentaram capacidade satisfatória para estimar as propriedades químicas da madeira. Os modelos de predição para teores totais de lignina, extrativos, xilanas e carboidratos totais apresentaram coeficientes de determinação de 0,53, 0,...
The objective of this study was to evaluate the genotype x environment interaction and to estimate the genetic components of variance and mean using mixed models in early selection of 238 clones of Pinus taeda propagated by somatic embryogenesis. The experiment consisted of a complete blocks design, with 12 replications, with one plant per plot, in four environments, at 1, 3, and 4 years of age. Estimates of heritability and of genetic gains in the evaluated environments showed good prospects for selection of superior genotypes. The effect of genotype x environment interaction was pronounced for all traits investigated. With the simultaneous selection for stability and adaptability, 10% genetic gain was obtained in relation to the mean of the commercial controls. This estimated gain indicates that the somatic embryogenesis technique has been effective in propagation of clones with good productive potential.
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