This study emphasises the importance of exercising endoscopic evaluation in nonracing performance horses with abnormal respiratory noise and/or poor performance for accurate assessment of dynamic upper airway function.
T2DM should be considered as an important differential diagnosis in mature to elderly horses and ponies suffering from weight loss, polydipsia and polyuria. Clinicians should be encouraged to offer treatment and management advice when such cases are encountered.
Background: Neutral Protamine Hagedorn human analogue insulin (Humulin N) is commonly used for treatment of canine diabetes mellitus (DM). However, blood glucose and serum insulin concentrations in Humulin N-treated dogs with naturally occurring DM have not been reported.Objective: To investigate blood glucose and serum insulin concentrations in the clinical setting of client-owned Humulin N-treated dogs with naturally occurring, well-regulated DM.Animals: Ten client-owned dogs with naturally occurring, well-regulated DM.Methods: In this clinical study, blood glucose and serum insulin concentrations were measured when dogs received food and insulin (T 0 ), at approximately every half hour for the next 2 hours, and then approximately every 2 hours for an additional 8 hours. Insulin duration of action was defined as the number of hours from T 0 to the lowest blood glucose concentration and until blood glucose concentration returned to an interpolated value of 70% of basal blood glucose concentration (Glucose b ).Results: Mean percent of insulin-induced blood glucose suppression was 49.9 AE 17.1% (median, 46%; range, 29-78%). Insulin duration of action ranged from 4 to 10 hours. Blood glucose concentration increased initially and returned to Glucose b within 0.6-2.2 hours after T 0 in 5 dogs. This initial blood glucose surge then was followed by blood glucose suppression in all 5 dogs.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: These results suggest that Humulin N administered SC twice daily is an effective mode of treatment for dogs with naturally occurring DM. Postprandial hyperglycemia is present in some well-regulated diabetic dogs treated with Humulin N.
Aims/hypothesis: Impaired insulin secretion, insulin action, insulin-independent glucose effectiveness, glucose tolerance and the associated abnormalities in insulin and glucose metabolism phenotypes are precursors of type 2 diabetes. Genome-wide multipoint variance component linkage scans were carried out using 654 markers to identify quantitative trait loci for insulin sensitivity, acute insulin response to glucose, disposition index and glucose effectiveness training responses in whites and blacks in the HERITAGE Family Study. Methods: These phenotypes were obtained from an IVGTT with the minimal model. The distributions of insulin sensitivity, acute insulin response to glucose and disposition index training responses (posttraining minus baseline) were approximately normalised using a square-root transformation. All phenotypes were adjusted for the effects of age, BMI and their respective baseline values within sex and generation by race prior to linkage scans. Results: In blacks, a promising linkage with a maximum lod score of 3.1 on 19q (54-62 Mb) for glucose effectiveness training response was found. Six interesting linkages with lod scores of at least 1.0 were found for disposition index training response in whites. They included 1p (30 Mb), 3q (152 Mb),. Conclusions/ interpretation: Quantitative trait loci for 20 weeks of endurance exercise training responses in insulin action and glucose metabolism phenotypes were found on chromosome 19q as well as 6p and 7q, with nominal (6p, 7q) but consistent (6p) linkages across the races.
SUMMARYA two-pool + time delay model was used to analyse ideal marker concentration patterns generated, using an interactive computer simulation program, from data for the mean retention times of [51Cr]EDTA and [103Ru]phen in the reticulo-rumen, abomasum and caecum-proximal colon and the transit times of these markers through the omasum, small intestine and distal large intestine of sheep. Although providing a reasonably close fit to the generated data, the fitted curves showed small but systematic deviations, indicating that the model does not consistently characterize the kinetics of the markers in the ruminant gastro-intestinal tract.When the components of the two-pool model were correctly identified, predicted rumen mean retention times (MRT) were within – 1 to + 13% of the observed values. However, identifying the component with the longer MRT as the rumen resulted in up to 2·6-fold overestimation (17·5 v. 6·77 h). The model underestimated the time delay and the overall MRT. It is suggested that the correct identification of the two components can be achieved by the simultaneous use of a solute-and a particulate-phase marker because, in ruminants, they do not behave independently in the caecumproximal colon.
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