For operative reconstruction, precise anatomic information on the dimensions of the ankle ligaments is important and can help to optimize these procedures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the length and width dimensions of the ankle ligaments and to contrast the results with the published literature. Seventeen non-paired adult, formalin-fixed ankle specimen were dissected to expose the capsuloligamentous structures. The following ligaments were investigated: tibiofibular syndesmosis (anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligament/ATiFL and PTiFL), lateral ankle ligaments (anterior and posterior talofibular ligament, calcaneofibular ligament/ATFL, PTFL and CFL), medial ankle ligaments (deltoid ligament, anterior and posterior tibiotalar ligament/ATTL and PTTL). After identification of the ligaments, the dimensions were measured with a ruler and a sliding caliper. Additionally, the attachment area and the center of insertion (COI) were evaluated. The dimensions of the ligaments were recorded. Measurements were calculated and discussed according to the existing literature. The tibial COI of the ATiFL was situated 8.35 ± 2.05 mm from the inferior articular surface of the tibia and 5.04 ± 1.32 mm from the fibular notch. Its fibular COI was situated 25.45 ± 5.84 mm from the tip of the lateral malleolus and 3.12 ± 1.01 mm from the malleolar articular surface. The calcaneal COI of the CFL was situated 20.63 ± 3.56 mm anterior and 5.73 ± 1.89 mm plantar to the superior edge of the calcaneal. Its fibular attachment of the CFL was directly at the tip of the lateral malleolus, dorsal to the fibular attachment of the ATFL. Studies of the therapeutic options in severe ankle ligament injuries have shown better results in anatomical reconstructions compared to other operative treatments. To optimize these procedures, exact anatomical information on the dimensions of the ankle ligaments should be beneficial.
BackgroundAdipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) have been identified as a population of multipotent cells with promising applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. ASCs are abundant in fat tissue, which can be safely harvested through the minimally invasive procedure of liposuction. However, there exist a variety of different harvesting methods, with unclear impact on ASC regenerative potential. The aim of this study was thus to compare the functionality of ASCs derived from the common technique of suction-assisted lipoaspiration (SAL) versus resection.MethodsHuman adipose tissue was obtained from paired abdominoplasty and SAL samples from three female donors, and was processed to isolate the stromal vascular fraction. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting was used to determine ASC yield, and cell viability was assayed. Adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation capacity were assessed in vitro using phenotypic staining and quantification of gene expression. Finally, ASCs were applied in an in vivo model of tissue repair to evaluate their regenerative potential.ResultsSAL specimens provided significantly fewer ASCs when compared to excised fat tissue, however, with equivalent viability. SAL-derived ASCs demonstrated greater expression of the adipogenic markers FABP-4 and LPL, although this did not result in a difference in adipogenic differentiation. There were no differences detected in osteogenic differentiation capacity as measured by alkaline phosphatase, mineralization or osteogenic gene expression. Both SAL- and resection-derived ASCs enhanced significantly cutaneous healing and vascularization in vivo, with no significant difference between the two groups.ConclusionSAL provides viable ASCs with full capacity for multi-lineage differentiation and tissue regeneration, and is an effective method of obtaining ASCs for cell-based therapies.
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (ASC) therapy is currently a focus of regenerative medicine. Lipoaspirate is rich in ASCs and is evolving into a promising, less-invasive tool to treat thumb carpometacarpal osteoarthritis as compared with common surgical techniques, for example, trapeziectomy or prosthesis implantation. The present study aimed to examine the effect of 1 mL intraarticular lipoaspirate injection (liparthroplasty) in 31 thumb carpometacarpal osteoarthritis patients (27 woman and four men) with a median age of 58 (interquartile range (IQR) of 10) years and Eaton–Littler Stage 2 or 3. Median pain levels assessed via visual analogue scale significantly decreased from 7 (IQR 2) to 4 (IQR 6) after six months (p < 0.0001) and 2 (IQR 5) after two years (p < 0.0001). Median pre-interventional Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) scores of 59 (IQR 26) significantly reduced to a value of 40 (IQR 43) after six months (p = 0.004) and to 35 (IQR 34) after two years (p < 0.0001). Subjective grip strength showed no significant improvement. However, the time until recurrence of symptoms was measured and a cumulative remission rate of 58% was detected after two years. Satisfaction rates were 68% after six months and 51% after two years. In conclusion, liparthroplasty represents a promising option to reduce pain and functional impairment and to postpone surgery for a certain period of time.
The constant intrinsic and extrinsic stress the skin is exposed to leads to significant impairments of the regenerative capacity of aging skin. Current skin rejuvenation approaches lack the ability to holistically support the biological processes that exhaust during aging skin degeneration, such as collagen production, cell migration and proliferation, and new vessel formation. Similar to chronic wounds, aged skin is characterized by dysfunction of key cellular regulatory pathways impairing regeneration. Recent evidence suggests that the same mechanisms hindering a physiologic healing response in chronic wounds are the basis of impaired tissue homeostasis in aged skin. Dysfunction of a main response-to-injury pathway, the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α regulatory pathway, has been identified as pivotal both in chronic wounds and in aging skin degeneration. HIF-1α signaling is significantly involved in tissue homeostasis and neovascularization, resulting in the production of new collagen, elastin, and nourishing blood vessels. Modulating the functionality of this pathway has been demonstrated to significantly enhance tissue regeneration. In this review, we present an overview of the regenerative effects linked to the up-regulation of HIF-1α functionality, potentially resulting in skin rejuvenation on both the cellular level and the tissue level.
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