Nanozymes can mimic the activities
of diverse enzymes, and this
ability finds applications in analytical sciences and industrial chemistry,
as well as in biomedical applications. Among the latter, prodrug conversion
mediated by nanozymes is investigated as a step toward site-specific
drug synthesis, to achieve localized therapeutic effects. In this
work, we investigated a ceria nanozyme as a mimic to phosphatase,
to mediate conversion of phosphate prodrugs into corresponding therapeutics.
To this end, the substrate scope of ceria as a phosphatase mimic was
analyzed using a broad range of natural phosphor(di)esters and pyrophosphates.
Knowledge of this scope guided the selection of existing phosphate
prodrugs that can be converted by ceria into the corresponding therapeutics.
“Extended scaffold phosphates” were engineered using
self-immolative linkers to accommodate a prodrug design for amine-containing
drugs, such as monomethyl auristatin E. Phosphate prodrugs masked
activity of the toxin, whereas prodrug conversion mediated by the
nanozyme restored drug toxicity, which was validated in mammalian
cell culture. The main novelty of this work lies in the rational pairing
of the ceria nanozyme with the existing and the de novo designed “extended scaffold” phosphate prodrugs toward
their use in nanozyme–prodrug therapy based on the defined
nanozyme substrate scope.
In this work, a tumor growth intervention by localized drug synthesis within the tumor volume, using the enzymatic repertoire of the tumor itself, is presented. Towards the overall success, molecular, macromolecular, and supramolecular glucuronide prodrugs were designed for a highly potent toxin, monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE). The lead candidate exhibited a fold difference in toxicity between the prodrug and the drug of 175, had an engineered mechanism to enhance the deliverable payload to tumours, and contained a highly potent toxin such that bioconversion of only a few prodrug molecules created a concentration of MMAE sufficient enough for efficient suppression of tumor growth. Each of these points is highly significant and together afford a safe, selective anticancer measure, making tumor‐targeted glucuronides attractive for translational medicine.
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