Azo dyes, the largest portion of manufactured dyestuffs, are primarily used as colouring substances in food, textiles, and the plastic industry. It has been estimated that 128 tonnes per annum of dyes are released into the environment worldwide [Anliker, 1977]. Certain azo compounds are known to be mutagenic in bacterial tests [Yahagi et al., 1975; Venitt and Bushell, 1976; Brown et al., 1978]. Watersoluble dyes are biotransformed by intestinal micro-organisms in the gastro intestinal tract, and the toxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity of these dyes in the gut or liver may be attributed to their metabolites. Since it is desirable to have a genotoxic evaluation of a chemical being released into the environment in order to check their indiscriminate use, a project has been initiated to determine the mutagenicity of the azo dyes being used commercially. The present report deals with the results of 13 dyes tested in Salmonella typhimurium with and without metabolic activation.
In this paper an attempt has been made to understand the nature, extent and causes of housing poverty in India. Housing stock, new household formation, homelessness, type of structure, number of rooms and households, slums and squatter settlements, housing investment, housing affordability, ownership occupancy, water connection and toilets have been taken as indicators of housing poverty. The paper is based on secondary sources. It concludes that mainly critically poor, low income groups and low middle income groups are suffering from housing poverty. The main causes of housing poverty is existing socio-economic and political systems and unrealistic and insensitive attitude of ruling elite towards the growing needs of poor in growing cities. There is lack of political will rather than the resources. The need of hour is strong political will for comprehensive understanding of phenomenon and enhancement of human capabilities with public action and democratic government support.
Manoj Kumar Teotia, Urban Development in North-Western India: Emerging Trends, Concerns and Stratgies. Chandigarh: Centre for Research in Rural and Industrial Development, 2016, xxii + 372 pp., ₹700 (hardback). ISBN 978-81-85835-80-2. Pranjal Sarma (Ed.), Urbanization and Industrial Development. Guwahati: EBH Publishers (India), 2016, xx + 238 pp., ₹925 (hardback). ISBN 978-93-83252-88-6.
Gautam Bhan (ed.), In the Public’s Interest: Evictions, Citizenship and Inequality in Contemporary Delhi. Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan, 2016, xiv + 290 pp., price not listed (hardback), ISBN 978-81-250-6232-5.
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