No abstract

Nutrient concentrations, enzyme activities, viable probiotic counts and organic acid levels of fermented barley (FB) produced by solid state fermentation (SSF) and of its unfermented counterpart (unfermented barley (UFB)) were determined by quantitative methods, and compared with the second derivate spectra analysis (SDSA) of their attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared measurements. Moreover, in order to test the nutritional value of FB and UFB feeds, 3-d old Japanese quails were fed FB or UFB at 400 g/kg diet for 4 weeks. Chemical analysis indicated that FB had significantly increased crude protein, ether extract and ash contents, associated with lowered fibre and sugar contents, as compared with UFB. IR spectra pattern of FB and UFB samples were similar, but their SDSA parameters, particularly peak areas, differed significantly. The differences between FB and UFB in peak areas were highly correlated with the differences between two feeds in lipid, protein, total fibre, starch and sugar contents (p < 0.05). Furthermore, SDSA analysis found new peak areas only available in FB samples, indicating fortification with new biomolecules due to the effect of SSF. Feeding the FB containing diet for 3 or 4 weeks enhanced growth performance significantly and increased the carcass yield of quails, indicating its nutritional benefits in young growing quails. The results indicated that the further analysis of IR spectra data revealed important information on the chemical and biological properties of feed materials, which are found to be highly correlated with the results of compositional analysis and their biological value in animal model.

In 2016, the world's soybean meal production reached 217 million tones and nearly half of it was used as protein supplement in farm animal nutrition (1). Sunflower meal (SFM), the fourth largest oilseed meal produced in the world, also serves as a protein source, mostly in ruminant diets, while its use in poultry and pig diets is limited (2). Chemical composition of these plant meals determines their levels in complete feeds fed to farm animals. For instance, soybean and its by-products may contain appreciable levels of phytic acid (PA) up to 0.6%, trypsin inhibitors (TI) up to 21.0-30.3 mg/g, protease inhibitors up to 45-60 mg/g protein, oligosaccharides up to 15%, lectins up to 50-200 mg/g, glycinin up to 150-200 mg/g, and beta-conglycin up to 50-100 mg/g (27.74 mg/g); these are known as antinutritional factors (ANFs) in young monogastric animals and reduce the rates of nutrient assimilation and absorption at the sites of digestive tract (3,4). SFM has a proportionally less crude protein (CP) in comparison to soybean meal, and its dietary inclusion level is low in poultry diets since it contains high level of crude fiber (CF) up to 18%-29% and polyphenolic compounds, mainly chlorogenic acid, up to 2.70% (2). In this study, possible improvements in nutritional qualities of SFM and full-fat soybean (FFSB) for farm animal nutrition were targeted by a fermentation process. Improved nutritional qualities of fermented FFSB (F-FFSB) and fermented SFM (FSFM) by solid-state fermentation (SSF) using GRAS (generally regarded as safe) microorganisms were reported earlier (5-7) and recently well documented by Mukherjee et al. (8). In addition, fermented feeds may contain biologically active compounds (biosurfactants, phenolic compounds, organic acids, enzymes) and less ANFs (9-14). The species of Lactobacillus and Bacillus are mostly used to ferment the feed materials (8,15,16). Recently, fermentation using Bacillus subtilis was found to be superior to fungal fermentation in terms of the increased soluble protein

A microbial fermentation process was developed to produce three eubiotic products containing probiotics, organic acids, enzymes, organic vitamins and minerals. The studies were carried out from 2015 to 2017. One product was specifically added with ground leaves of essential oil plant at the end of fermentation. As a result of this study, a dose of Eubiotic 1 ranging from 0.02 to 0.1% remarkably increased egg yield and egg weight of laying hens. A daily increase of 1 to 3 kg milk per cow with no increase in dry matter intakes was obtained from a dose of 15 eubiotic 1 g per head per day in several farm trials. Calves had a 15 g Eubiotic 2 in warm milk grew faster than those given no supplement in milk. Calves and lambs having a severe level of diarrhea provided with 15 g supplement in milk showed no sign of diarrhea after 6 or 24 h. Dairy cows and beef cattle having severe and acute metabolic disorders administrated with a dose of 75 g per cow per twice a day had no signs of such disorders in 24 h. Meat-type broiler chickens and quails given a diet of 0.5% supplement produced more profitable meat than those birds had no supplement. A 250 g live weigh gain with better feed conversion ratio (FCR) was obtained from the fattening beef cattle given a 20 g/day/head of eubiotic 2. Eubiotic mixture 3 was a silage additive and added to approximately 10.000 tonnes of corn silages and then the maturation of silage occurred in 15 to 30 days. It was concluded that these beneficial effects were mainly due to the combination of various active agents, and the proposed dosages were 0.5% in broiler diet, 200-1000 mg/kg of laying hens, 30 g/head in dairy cows.Keywords: Animal nutrition, Eubiotic fed additives, Microbial fermentation, Health and performance ÖZET: Bu çalışmada mikrobiyal fermentasyon ile canlı probiyotik, organik asit, enzimler ile organik kökenli vitamin ve mineral maddeler içeren üç yeni eubiyotik katkı maddesi geliştirilmiştir. Araştırmalar 2015-2017 yılları arasında yürütülmüştür. Bunlardan birisi, özellikle fermentasyon sonunda katılan esansiyel ekstrakt kaynağı olarak öğütülmüş bitki içermektedir. Yumurtacı tavukların karma yemlerine %0,02 ile %0,1 arasında eubiyotik 1 katkısının yumurta verimi ve yumurta ağırlığı önemli şekilde artırdığı görülmüştür. Farklı işletmelerde barındırılan süt sığırlarına aynı katkıdan günde 15 gram (bir dizi ön test sonuçlarına göre bu doz etkili olmuştur) yedirildiğinde ise 1-3 kg arasında inek başına süt verimi artışı sağlanmıştır. Yeni doğan buzağılara sütle 15 g yedirildiğinde daha hızlı büyüme sağlanmış, ishal olan kuzu ve buzağılarda ishal vakasına 6 ile 24 saat içerisinde rastlanılmamıştır. Metabolik rahatsızlıklara sahip ergin sığırlara günde iki kere 75 g'lık doz su veya süt ile verildiğinde hayvanlar eski sağlık durumlarına 24 saat içerisinde girmiştir. Eubiyotik 1 karşımından et tipi piliçlere %0.5-1.0 dozlarında rasyon ile verildiğinde ise yemden yararlanma ve büyüme hızı önemli derece artmıştır. Et sığırlarına günde 20 g eubiyotik 2 karışımı verildiğinde günlük...

Bu çalışmada biyoreaktör kullanılarak Aspergillus niger (A. niger) ile elma ve domates posasının katıfaz fermantasyonu yöntemiyle besleme değerinin artırılması ve antibesinsel faktörlerin azaltılması ve ayrıca bazı biyomoleküllerce zenginleştirek fonksiyonel yem katkı maddesi olarak kullanılması amaçlanmıştır. Elma ve domates posaları A. niger ile optimum nem (%91), sıcaklık (28 o C) ve pH (4-4.5) değerlerinde 72 saat fermente edilmiştir. Her iki fermantasyonun 0, 24, 48 ve 72. saatlerinde steril koşullarda bağımsız olarak 3 örnekleme yapılmıştır. Örnekler kurutulduktan sonra besin maddeleri, antibesinsel maddeler ve organik asit içerikleri tespit edilmiştir. Elma posasının A. niger ile fermantasyonunda ham kül içeriği artmıştır. Her iki posanın ham yağ ve toplam redükte şeker içeriği A. niger fermantasyonu ile artmıştır. Her iki posanın da A. niger ile fermentasyonu sonucu ham selüloz, asit deterjan fiber, nötr deterjan fiber ve lignin içeriklerinin önemli düzeyde azaldığı tespit edilmiştir. Elma ve domates posasının A. niger ile fermantasyonunda laktik asit ve toplam organik asit içeriği önemli derecede artmıştır. Tanin içeriği fermantasyona bağlı olarak azalırken pektin içeriği fermente domates posasında azalmış, ancak fermente elma posasında artmıştır. Sonuç olarak elde edilen fermente son ürünün hayvan beslemede özellikle de kanatlı hayvanların beslenmesinde organik asitlerce zengin yem katkı maddesi olarak kullanılma olanağı artmıştır, ancak elde edilen bu sonuçların hayvan denemesi ile de desteklenmesine ihtiyaç olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.