OBJECTIVE To examine the outcome of patients diagnosed with ‘low‐risk’ prostate cancer managed by active surveillance (AS). PATIENTS AND METHODS In all, 157 men with localized prostate cancer were followed on AS. The inclusion criteria for AS included: Gleason score of ≤ 6, a serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level of ≤15 ng/mL, stage ≤ T2, low‐volume disease and >12 months of follow‐up. The follow‐up was rigorous, with PSA tests and a digital rectal examination every 3 months for 2 years, and a repeat biopsy 6–12 months after the initial diagnosis and yearly when indicated. Continuance of AS was based on the PSA doubling time, re‐biopsy score, Gleason score, tumour volume, stage progression and patient preference. RESULTS In all 99 patients met the inclusion criteria; their mean age at diagnosis was 66 years, their mean PSA level 5.77 ng/mL and the mean follow‐up 45.3 months. On initial repeat biopsy, 63% had no cancer and 34% had a Gleason sum of ≤ 6. Eight patients were treated (three with hormones; five with curative intent); two had radical prostatectomy (one had pT2c pNO Gleason 7 disease); three had radiotherapy. The probability is that 85% would remain treatment‐free at 5 years; no patient died from prostate cancer. The PSA doubling time and clinical stage at diagnosis were predictive of progression. CONCLUSION Patients who are followed on AS must be selected using narrowly defined inclusion criteria and closely followed with a standard regimen of PSA testing, digital rectal examination and repeat biopsy.
those not having a nerve-sparing procedure, neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy within 6 months of RRP and a follow-up of < 6 months were excluded from the analyses. Erectile function was evaluated by the surgeon when possible or by an annual questionnaire. Potency was defined as erectile function sufficient for intercourse with or without a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor. RESULTSOf 619 men who had a bilateral and of 178 who had a unilateral nerve-sparing RRP, 72% and 53%, respectively, were potent. When stratifying by age groups ( ≤ 49, 50-59, 60-69 and ≥ 70 years) potency rates were 86%, 76%, 58% and 37%, respectively. Potency was more common after bilateral than unilateral nervesparing RRP in all age groups ( P < 0.001). Age, bilateral nerve-sparing (odds ratio 2.9) and surgeon experience were associated with potency in a multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONCareful patient selection and meticulous surgical technique are essential to achieve the right balance between cancer control and morbidity. The patient's age, nerve-sparing RRP and the surgeon's experience were the significant predictors of return of potency after RRP. KEYWORDSradical prostatectomy, potency, nerve-sparing surgery Study Type -Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4 OBJECTIVETo report the return of erectile function in 1620 consecutive men after radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP), chosen by half of men diagnosed with clinically localized prostate cancer, and the goal of which is to completely excise the tumour while preserving continence and erectile function.
The enhancement and washout values in Hounsfield units obtained by multiphasic CT scan aid in distinguishing oncocytoma from the commonly seen subtypes of RCC in renal masses <4 cm. This preliminary study demonstrates that arterial phase enhancement greater than 500% and washout values of greater than 50% are exclusively seen in renal oncocytomas.
E 4 4 9What ' s known on the subject? and What does the study add? The surgical implications of renal cell carcinoma with coexisting bland and tumour thrombi of the inferior vena cava is not well described. In this study we review our experience managing these tumours. On multivariate analysis, we found that the presence of bland thrombus was associated with an increased need for surgical interruption of the inferior vena cava. OBJECTIVE• To study the role of interruption of the inferior vena cava (IVC) in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and associated bland and tumour thrombi. METHODS• We reviewed 129 consecutive patients with the preoperative diagnosis of RCC with tumour thrombus who underwent radical nephrectomy and tumour thrombectomy in one academic institution between May 1997 and February 2011. RESULTS• Percentages of patients with levels I, II, III and IV tumour thrombus were 29%, 13%, 48% and 9%, respectively.• The perioperative mortality rate was 2.3%. There were 29 (22%) perioperative complications recorded.• In all, 19 patients underwent surgical interruption of the IVC by ligation or segmental resection, including one level II, 14 level III and four level IV thrombi.• A total of 15 patients (12%) had bland thrombus associated with the tumour thrombus; four of these underwent intraoperative IVC fi lter placement and eight underwent surgical IVC interruption.• Advanced level of tumour thrombus was the only signifi cant factor predicting association of bland thrombus (odds ratio [ OR ] = 2.09, 95% confi dence interval [ CI ] : 1.082 -4.037, P = 0.028).• On multivariate analysis, level of thrombus (OR = 3.1, 95% CI: 1.30 -7.74, P = 0.011) and association of bland thrombus (OR = 9.07, 95% CI: 2.42 -34.01, P = 0.001) were signifi cant factors for IVC interruption. CONCLUSIONS• Surgical interruption of the IVC is a feasible option in selected patients with chronic IVC obstruction. Association of bland thrombus with tumour thrombus should alert the surgical team to the potential for a challenging surgery.• Precise preoperative imaging to assess the degree of venous obstruction and to help with differentiation between bland and tumour thrombus is key to achieving a surgical outcome with minimal morbidity. KEYWORDSrenal tumour , tumour thrombus , inferior vena cava fi lter , pulmonary emboli , tumour thrombus emboli , bland thrombus emboli Study Type -Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4
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