Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first detected in China in December, 2019, and declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. The current management of COVID-19 is based generally on supportive therapy and treatment to prevent respiratory failure. The effective option of antiviral therapy and vaccination are currently under evaluation and development. Areas covered: A literature search was performed using PubMed between December 1, 2019-June 23, 2020. This review highlights the current state of knowledge on the viral replication and pathogenicity, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, and management of COVID-19. This review will be of interest to scientists and clinicians and make a significant contribution toward development of vaccines and targeted therapies to contain the pandemic. Expert opinion: The exit strategy for a path back to normal life is required, which should involve a multi-prong effort toward development of new treatment and a successful vaccine to protect public health worldwide and prevent future COVID-19 outbreaks. Therefore, the bench to bedside translational research as well as reverse translational works focusing bedside to bench is very important and would provide the foundation for the development of targeted drugs and vaccines for COVID-19 infections.
The present study has examined the effects of ZnO and TiO 2 nanoparticles (40Á70 nm range) in the presence and absence of UVA light in human sperm and human lymphocytes in the dark (D), after pre-irradiation with UV (PI) and simultaneous irradiation with UV (SI). For both ZnO and TiO 2 nanoparticles, the percentage reduction in head DNA was greater for PI and SI samples compared with samples treated in the dark. However with regard to photogenotoxicity, sperm exhibited no significant differences when the results for PI and SI and the dark were compared, except at the lowest concentration for SI samples in the case of ZnO and the lowest concentration for PI in the case of TiO 2 . However for lymphocytes, responses were statistically significant at the highest concentration for both PI and SI samples. Thus, these studies suggest that there are photogenotoxic events in these cells in the absence of overt toxicity.
Uterine AV malformation should be thought of as a differential diagnosis in all cases presenting with bleeding after miscarriage or curettage, since diagnosis is simple and treatment by selective arterial embolization saves morbidity of surgery and anesthesia, and more importantly reduces hospital stay and the absence from work.
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