and Nguyen, Huan X. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4105-2558 (2022) Digital twins: a survey on enabling technologies, challenges, trends and future prospects. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials .

Abstract-Smart grid technology is one of the recent developments in the area of electric power systems that aid the use of non-conventional sources of energy in parallel with the conventional sources of energy. Monitoring and control of smart grids is essential for its efficient and effective functioning. In this paper, we propose an architecture for monitoring power in smart grid applications using wireless sensor network (WSN) technology. A prototype power sensing module is designed and developed to calculate the power for any kind of loads. Using WSN technology, the monitored power is communicated to the sink at periodic intervals. Multi hop wireless mesh network is set up using IRIS motes to enhance the communication between the power sensing nodes and the sink. The data collected is a rich source of repository for data analysis and modelling. A number of smart actions and applications, such as power theft detection, energy efficient building design, smart automation systems and smart metering can evolve out of the proposed model. A novel Power theft detection algorithm is proposed and simulated in this paper. The system is also scaled using GSM technology to extend the range of communication. Load monitoring can aid distributed architecture in smart grids with automated technology to switch between the non-conventional source of energy and the grid.

Abstract-Channel access delay in a wireless adhoc network is the major source of delay while considering the total endto-end delay. Channel access delays experienced by different relay nodes are different in multi-hop adhoc network scenario. These delays in multi-hop network are analysed in the literature assuming channel access delays are independent and are of same magnitude at all the nodes in the network. In this work, the endto-end delay in a multi-hop adhoc network is analysed taking into account the silent relay nodes. Along with silent relay node effect, Channel access probability (p), transmission radius (r) analogous to transmit power, network throughput and density of nodes are the other factors considered for the end-to-end delay analysis. Effect of network parameters along with silent relay nodes on end-to-end delay is found to be considerably high compared to the previous literature results. Given a bound on end-to-end delay with percentage of silent relay nodes, throughput, node density requirements for a multi-hop adhoc network, optimal ranges of transmission radius and channel access probability can be obtained from the proposed analysis. End-to-end delay increases with silent relay nodes along with transmission radius(r), channel access probability(p), node density and throughput. It is clear from the analysis, that the effect of silent relay nodes on endto-end delay cannot be ignored to maintain certain Quality of service (QoS) metrics for the multi-hop wireless adhoc network.

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Abstract-Effective energy management and control is an important and urgent issue in the emerging and developing countries, so as to achieve their sustainable growth, because of poor quality of power supply by their electric power companies. In order to come up with the frequent electric power outage by the power company, most of buildings in developing and emerging countries install a power generator. Although because of poor control system in the premises, utilization factor of output capability of power generators is typically low except at peak periods. To improve the utilization factor of power generator, we propose a system, which can manage power segments in the building using SCB (Smart Circuit Breaker). SCBs are connected by wireless technologies with battery backup, and set their power capping based on the indication issued by central manager. The central manager computes power capping threshold of each SCB using the proposed algorithm, in real-time fashion. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can optimize the required capacity of the local power generator and that we need a feedback-looped adaptive threshold calculation algorithm.