Thin layer drying behaviour of rapeseed (toria, Brassica campestris) varieties like 'TL-15', 'TH-68' and 'Sangam' in the temperature range of 30 to 70°C and at constant air velocity of 2 m/sec was studied. The validity of modifi ed Page's equation for prediction of drying time was assessed by fi tting the experimental drying data. The drying air temperature affected drying time signifi cantly. The effect of variety on drying time was not signifi cant. Drying constants of modifi ed Page's model were calculated for each variety and at each drying temperature. Germination percentage and seed vigour index were not affected significantly when dried up to 55°C and reduced drastically to 16 to 20% when dried above 55°C.
The present study aimed to study influence of temperature and relative humidity on fruit rots (Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus niger) of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) and find appropriate management option during storage period. Maximum damage by A. alternata was observed at 25°C while A. niger showed maximum severity at 30°C. Positive relationship was observed between relative humidity (RH) and fruit rot by both pathogens which showed highest severity at 100% RH. The pre-and postinoculation treatment of ber fruits with four vegetable oils, four plant extracts and four fungicides showed significant differences in effectiveness in controlling both pathogens. Neem oil and its leaf extracts significantly (p<0.05) reduced severity of fruit rots by both pathogens. Among chemicals, the carbendazim at 1000 ppm proved effective against Alternaria and Aspergillus fruit rot. Chemical fungicides reduced fungus growth significantly (p<0.05) better than botanicals; however, botanical also showed better response than control. The effectiveness of botanicals in post-harvest storage of ber can be used at commercial scale.
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) at three moisture content (5.7, 11.4 and 17.2 %, db) were ground using a micro pulverizer hammer mill with different grinder screen openings (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mm) and feed rate (8, 16 and 24 kg/h) at 3000 rpm. Specific energy consumption were found decreased from 204.67 to 23.09 kJ/kg for increased levels of feed rate and grinder screen openings. The highest specific energy consumption was recorded for 17.2 % moisture content and 8 kg/h feed rate with 0.5 mm screen opening. Average particle size decreased from 0.99 to 0.47 mm with increase of moisture content and decrease in grinder screen opening. It has been observed that the average particle size was minimum at 0.5 mm screen opening and 8 kg/h feed rate. Bond's work index and Kick's constant were increased from 0.61 to 3.07 kWh/kg, 0.073 to 0.324 kWh/kg with the increase of moisture content, feed rate and grinder screen opening, respectively. Size reduction ratio and grinding effectiveness of coriander seed were found decreased from 4.92 to 2.29 and 0.002 to 1.600 with the increase of moisture content, feed rate and grinder screen opening. The loose and compact bulk densities varied from 210 to 475 kg/m3 and 231 to 550 kg/m3, respectively for various mass fractions of sieve analysis. Bond's work index and Kick's constants were affected significantly by feed rate and moisture content for all screen openings except 0.5 mm.
Trichoderma harzianumDepartment of plant pathology, school of agriculture, Uttaranchal university, Dehradun
Trichoderma asperellumDepartment of plant pathology, school of agriculture, Uttaranchal university, Dehradun Table.2 In vitro efficacy of bio-agents on mycelial growth of M.musicola Colony growth (mm) on bio agents Bio -agents Mean growth recorded Trichoderma viride 30.50 Trichoderma harzianum 45.25 Trichoderma asperellum 33.75 Control 80 SEM(m) 1.90
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