Em dezembro de 2019, foi descoberto um novo vírus, denominado SARS-CoV-2, que causa a doença COVID-19, assim denominada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). O SARS-CoV-2 surgiu inicialmente na cidade de Wuhan, na China, e se espalhou rapidamente por todo o mundo. Já em 30 de janeiro de 2020, a OMS reconheceu o surto dessa nova doença como uma emergência de saúde pública de importância internacional, que é considerado o maior nível de alerta. Posteriormente, no dia 11 de março de 2020, a OMS caracterizou a COVID-19 como uma pandemia 1. Até o dia 08 de julho de 2020, no mundo, foram registrados 11.994.182 casos da COVID-19 e 547.931 óbitos. No Brasil, nessa mesma data, já haviam sido confirmados 1.716.196 casos da doença e 68.055 óbitos. O vírus é transmitido através de gotículas respiratórias, do contato direto ou objetos e de superfícies contaminadas. Ou seja, a doença possui múltiplas vias de transmissão, fato que justifica a grande necessidade de distanciamento social 1. Com o distanciamento social, medida profilática mais efetiva contra a doença, houve a necessidade de reavaliação do processo de ensino-aprendizagem, visto que o distanciamento social obrigou estudantes de medicina do mundo inteiro a adotar tecnologias da informação e comunicação (TIC) para continuar com a rotina de estudos. Assim, as TICs e a internet têm sido cada vez mais utilizadas pelas instituições de ensino superior para suprir essa ausência nas salas de aulas. No entanto, devemos questionar se esse novo método de ensinar e aprender, denominado homeschooling, pode influenciar na formação de estudantes de medicina. Com o advento da pandemia, as estratégias de ensino remoto são importantes meios de contenção dos efeitos do distanciamento social; no entanto, as evidências sugerem que inúmeras lacunas serão criadas sem a interação professor-estudante de medicina. Nesse sentido, para o pós-pandemia, é indispensável que as instituições de ensino planejem um robusto conjunto de ações para garantir o contato do estudante de medicina com pacientes, sejam em hospitais, ambulatórios ou na atenção primária em saúde. Além das estratégias de ensino utilizadas por instituições de educação, é necessária uma regulamentação do Ministério da Educação (MEC) e demais órgãos regulamentadores. Assim, em 28 de abril, o Conselho Nacional de Educação (CNE) aprovou por unanimidade a resolução com diretrizes para orientação sobre aulas remotas durante a pandemia. A Portaria Nº 343, de 17 de março de 2020, dispõe sobre a substituição das aulas presenciais por aulas remotas enquanto durar a pandemia da COVID-19. A Portaria veta a substituição de aulas práticas e estágios no curso de medicina. Já em 16 de junho de 2020, o MEC publica a Portaria Nº 544, autorizando a substituição de estágio e práticas por aulas remotas no curso de medicina. Seguindo as recomendações do MEC, as faculdades de medicina do país podem interromper esse contato prático durante a pandemia, o que certamente poderá comprometer o processo de formação de estudantes de medicina, uma vez que o co...

Fatores determinantes da qualidade das águas superficiais na bacia do Alto Acaraú, Ceará, Brasil.Ciência Rural, v.37, n.6, nov-dez, 2007. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, v.37, n.6, p.1791-1797, nov-dez, 2007 ISSN 0103-8478 pH, temperatura, cor, turbidez, nitrato, amônia total, amônia livre, amônia ionizada, sódio, cloretos, potássio, sulfato, dureza, cálcio, magnésio, alcalinidade total, alcalinidade RESUMO

341Strauss, J., Barbosa, M., Teixeira, S., Thomas, D. and Junior, R.O., 1991. Role of education and extension in the adoption of technology: a study of upland rice and soybean farmers in Central-West Brazil. Agric. Econ., 5: 341-359.This paper explores reduced form determinants of the adoption of certain technologies by upland rice and soybean farmers in the Center-West region of Brazil. We merge community level data on the availability and quality of publicly provided infrastructure, principally extension, to the farm level data containing information on farmer human capital as well as land quantity and quality. By using community level measures of availability and quality of extension, we avoid problems of endogeneity of farm level measures of extension use. We find positive impacts of farmer education on the diffusion process, in accordance with other studies. We also isolate effects of the quality in regional extension investment as measured by the average experience of technical extension staff. These results indicate that investments in human capital of extension workers does have 11 payoff in terms of farmer adoption of improved cultivation practices.

The present study aimed to evaluate the erosive potential of four most commonly prescribed syrup medicaments for respiratory diseases. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy combined with multivariate statistical analysis and micro-energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (μ-EDXRF) mapping was performed. Fifty-five root dentin fragments obtained from the buccal surface of 30 bovine teeth were prepared and divided into five experimental groups (n = 10): control-artificial saliva (S), acebrofilin hydrochloride (AC), ambroxol hydrochloride (AM), bromhexine hydrochloride (BR), and salbutamol sulfate (SS). The S group was stored only in artificial saliva and the other groups were treated with the medicaments (immersed for 1 min in 3 mL of the medication, three times daily, with 1-h intervals between the immersion cycles, during 5 days, 15 immersion cycles). There were a significant decrease in the Ca and P weight percentages (wt%) for dentin after medication treatments, except for AC (p > 0.05). Mineral content of dentin showed a clear gradation with increasing Ca and P wt% reduction in the order S < AC < AM < BR < SS. SS resulted in a significant increase in Ca/P ratio when compared to the control (p < 0.001). ATR-FTIR combined with multivariate, statistical analysis can quickly and reliably indicate extent of dentin erosion. Considering syrups with high-erosive potential should always follow with proper oral hygiene practices or search for an alternative medications void of such detrimental effects. Regular and prolonged use of these medicaments might bear the risk of causing erosion.

A bacia do Baixo Jaguaribe-CE depara-se com a instalação progressiva de fazendas de camarão às margens do rio Jaguaribe onde não há interferência de água salina. Esse trabalho tem como principal objetivo avaliar as características físicas, químicas e bacteriológicas dos efluentes contínuos e da despesca de fazendas de camarão, refletindo sobre os possíveis impactos do lançamento desses efluentes e formas de atenuação desses impactos. Foram analisadas amostras da água de captação e dos efluentes de dois viveiros de duas diferentes fazendas. Os parâmetros analisados para os efluentes contínuos foram: pH, turbidez, nitrato, amônia total, condutividade elétrica, DBO5, fósforo total, fósforo solúvel, alcalinidade total, sólidos totais, sólidos totais dissolvidos, sólidos suspensos, coliformes termotolerantes e clorofila a. Para os efluentes da despesca foram acrescentados OD e a fração de sólidos sedimentáveis. Os resultados mostraram que, embora os efluentes contínuos se apresentem dentro dos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação, na despesca os valores obtidos para pH, amônia total, sólidos suspensos e sedimentáveis estão acima dos valores permitidos contribuindo para a deterioração progressiva da qualidade da água dos corpos hídricos da região.

Medicaments essential for alleviation of diseases may sometime adversely affect dental health by eroding the enamel, owing to their acidic nature. It is therefore highly desirable to be able to detect these effects quickly and reliably. In this study, we evaluated the erosive capacity of four most commonly prescribed respiratory disease syrup medicaments on enamel using micro-energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (µ-EDXRF) and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Fifty-five enamel fragments obtained from 30 bovine teeth were treated with artificial saliva (S), acebrofilin hydrochloride (AC), ambroxol hydrochloride (AM), bromhexine hydrochloride (BR), and salbutamol sulfate (SS); by immersing in 3 mL of respective solutions for 1 min, three times a day at intervals of 1 hr, for 5 days. µ-EDXRF analysis of enamel surface did not reveal significant erosion caused by the medications. However, ATR-FTIR showed a detectable shift in the phosphate (PO ) antisymmetric stretching mode (ν ) at ∼985 cm for AM, BR, and SS, indicating erosion. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that AC, AM, SS, and BR could be classified with 70%, 80%, 100%, and 100% efficiency from S (control), further highlighting the ability of ATR-FTIR to identify degree of erosion. This suggests ATR-FTIR may be used to rapidly and nondestructively investigate erosive effects of medicaments.

Objective The objective of this study was to review the effects of the Matricaria recutita (L.) in the treatment of oral mucositis. Methodology The online search was performed in the period from June 2016 to April 2018 by means of databases LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information), SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online), and MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online). The consultation was restricted to the years 1991 to 2018 with the aim of elucidating the effects of Matricaria recutita in the treatment of oral mucositis. Results The final sample consisted of 21 studies, of which 10 were developed in animals and 11 in humans, published from 1991 to 2017, with a total sample of 644 patients. The total number of patients treated with Matricaria included in 11 studies was 364, while in the control groups the total number was 280. In experimental studies, animal models used were rats and the sample size ranged between 36 and 105 animals submitted to the induction of oral mucositis, where 4 studies used an intraperitoneal injection of 5-fluorouracil, while 7 induced lesion in the mucosa. From the data collected, it should be noted that both studies with humans and with animals showed significant effects. In this way, there is strong evidence for the discussion on the therapy; however, it should be noted that more studies are developed in order to clarify the most appropriate protocol for the prevention and treatment of injuries. Conclusion According to the results found in this study, Matricaria recutita appeared to be a promising alternative for the treatment of oral mucositis. However, due to the great variability in the various types of intervention, more controlled double-blind randomized clinical studies are necessary to ensure the best protocol for treating oral mucositis.

Ci splatin is a chemotherapy agent frequently used to treat different types of neoplasia. Ototoxicity is one of the side-effects which cause significant morbidity and limits its use. This study aimed at assessing the role of apoptosis in cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. Design: experimental study. Materials and Methods: male Wistar rats were treated with intraperitoneal cisplatin, in the doses of 24 and 16 mg/kg. The animals were assessed by means of distortion product evoked otoacoustic emissions (DPEOAE) or brainstem evoked auditory potentials (BEAP) in the third (D3) and fourth (D4) days after drug infusion onset. Following that, their cochleas were removed for immunohistochemical studies of apoptosis -TUNEL method. Results: the group treated with 24 mg/kg showed a significant reduction in DPEOAE amplitude, and such fact was not seen with the 16 mg/kg. Both doses caused an increase in BEAP electrophysiological threshold in D3 and D4. Apoptosis was the injury mechanism responsible for the cisplatin-induced ototoxicity -16 mg/kg dose, when the animals were assessed on D3. Conclusion: apoptosis may be involved in the cisplatin-induced ototoxicity, depending on the dose and time of injury assessment.