All-solid-state
lithium ion batteries may become long-term, stable,
high-performance energy storage systems for the next generation of
electric vehicles and consumer electronics, depending on the compatibility
of electrode materials and suitable solid electrolytes. Nickel-rich
layered oxides are nowadays the benchmark cathode materials for conventional
lithium ion batteries because of their high storage capacity and the
resulting high energy density, and their use in solid-state systems
is the next necessary step. In this study, we present the successful
implementation of a Li[Ni,Co,Mn]O2 material with high nickel
content (LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2, NCM-811) in a bulk-type solid-state battery with β-Li3PS4 as a sulfide-based solid electrolyte. We investigate
the interface behavior at the cathode and demonstrate the important
role of the interface between the active materials and the solid electrolyte
for the battery performance. A passivating cathode/electrolyte interphase
layer forms upon charging and leads to an irreversible first cycle
capacity loss, corresponding to a decomposition of the sulfide electrolyte. In situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and X-ray
photoemission spectroscopy are used to monitor this formation. We
demonstrate that most of the interphase formation takes place in the
first cycle, when charging to potentials above 3.8 V vs Li+/Li. The resulting overvoltage of the passivating layer is a detrimental
factor for capacity retention. In addition to the interfacial decomposition,
the chemomechanical contraction of the active material upon delithiation
causes contact loss between the solid electrolyte and active material
particles, further increasing the interfacial resistance and capacity
loss. These results highlight the critical role of (electro-)chemo-mechanical
effects in solid-state batteries.
Solid-state batteries with inorganic solid electrolytes are currently being discussed as a more reliable and safer future alternative to the current lithium-ion battery technology. To compete with state-of-theart lithium-ion batteries, solid electrolytes with higher ionic conductivities are needed, especially if thick electrode configurations are to be used. In the search for optimized ionic conductors, the lithium argyrodites have attracted a lot of interest. Here, we systematically explore the influence of aliovalent substitution in Li 6+x P 1−x Ge x S 5 I using a combination of X-ray and neutron diffraction, as well as impedance spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. With increasing Ge content, an anion site disorder is induced and the activation barrier for ionic motion drops significantly, leading to the fastest lithium argyrodite so far with 5.4 ± 0.8 mS cm −1 in a cold-pressed state and 18.4 ± 2.7 mS cm −1 upon sintering. These high ionic conductivities allow for successful implementation within a thick-electrode solid-state battery that shows negligible capacity fade over 150 cycles. The observed changes in the activation barrier and changing site disorder provide an additional approach toward designing better performing solid electrolytes.
The volume effects of electrode materials can cause local stress development, contact loss and particle cracking in the rigid environment of a solid-state battery.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.