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Introduction: This study is in line with the plan to farm trout in cages in the southern areas of the Caspian Sea (Mazandaran waters-Kelarabad) which was carried out in 2012. Methods: Sampling was conducted on a monthly basis and at 3 stations. The goal of this study was to examine the condition of planktonic groups, density, biomass and diversity in the location of fish cages and comparison with the control station. Results:The results showed that the phytoplankton group of 5 phylum and zooplankton of 6 phylum were identified which the population of phytoplankton were only in the spring season the highest and their biomass in station 1 while the population density of zooplankton in most seasons at station 1 had the highest sampling. The density and biomass of phytoplankton and zooplankton in spring and winter were more than other seasons that can be due to the activity of farming rainbow trout in the cages. Over the years, under the dominance of phytoplankton diatoms (84%) and dominant zooplankton population was also Copepods (67%) based on ISI index. Shannon diversity index of phytoplankton varied in the range of 1.25 to 2.73 and for zooplankton in the range of 0.24 to 1.41. There was a significant difference between the intensity and biomass of different seasons (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The conclusion is that the phytoplankton and zooplankton communities at the location of fish cages culture was by far more than the control station which shows the effect of fish cage culture on planktonic organisms and possibly algae blooming in larger size (using several cages and several places for the development of aquaculture) and it irreversible effect on the closed ecosystem of the Caspian Sea in the future.

This study aims to determine whether Thematic Vocabulary (TV) Cards media can improve the vocabulary of students in primary school. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher designed an action research which consisted of pre-test, 3 cycles of treatment, and post-test. The subject of this study was the students of SMK N 1 Lhokseumawe, with the number of the subject was 26 students; 9 males and 17 females. 2 meetings were held during the research in which the students had to join  test and also cycles of treatment which consisted of quizzes and various activities by using TV Cards as the media. which used the Sugiyono’s model (2016:298) with adaptation. The data collecting through interview, questionnaire, documentation, and test. The result of this study showed there was a significant improvement made by the students in identifying and remembering new English vocabulary available in the given descriptive texts. Pre- test result showed 27 % of students scored less than 50; 69 % students scored 51- 75; and only the rest of them scored more than 76, meaning that the average score of the class was still low, which was only 54.10. After conducting Post- test, it could be seen that no student scored less than 50; only one student scored 73; and the rest of them successfully scored above 76. Compared to Pre- Test’s result, the Post- Test’s showed the better average score, which increased up to 79%. In line with the result, Some suggestions are offered for teachers to be a facilitator in creating effective learning activities, to be able to make teaching and learning process more interesting, enjoyable and educative.

One way to anticipate that people are always in preparedness is through comprehensive education and training involving the community, family and schools. The specific purpose was to integrate disaster curricula and learning tools to improve preparedness competencies. Research has been conducted for 4 (four) years from 2013 to 2016 in Elementary Schools, Secondary Schools, and Higher Education in Aceh. The methods used were Research & Development, Classroom Action Research (CAR), and training and simulation. The results of this study found that the conceptual approach to the development of innovative disaster learning models was very helpful in shaping, growing, and increasing student preparedness holistically. The application of disaster curriculum integration, teaching materials, two and three-dimensional learning media, and e-learningbased learning were showed a significant impact on students' preparedness competencies. In addition, competency-based training and simulation activities were also effective in increasing disaster knowledge, attitudes, and community preparedness in educational institutions. This study concluded that the integration of disaster education curriculum & disaster learning devices could be improved preparedness competencies. The planning and design of disaster education curriculum, as well as its application in improving preparedness competencies through education and training/simulation could be carried out comprehensively.   Salah satu cara mengantisipasi agar masyarakat selalu berada dalam kesiapsiagaan adalah melalui pendidikan dan pelatihan yang sifatnya komprehensif dengan melibatkan masyarakat, keluarga, dan sekolah. Tujuan khususnya adalah untuk mengintegrasikan kurikulum kebencanaan dan perangkat pembelajaran untuk meningkatkan kompetensi kesiapsiagaan. Penelitian telah dilakukan selama 4 (empat) tahun sejak 2013 hingga 2016 di Sekolah Dasar, Sekolah Menengah, dan Pendidikan Tinggi di Aceh. Metode yang digunakan adalah Research & Development, Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK), serta pelatihan dan simulasi. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa pendekatan konsep pengembangan model pembelajaran kebencanaan yang inovatif sangat membantu dalam membentuk, menumbuhkan, dan meningkatkan kesiapsiagaan peserta didik secara holistik. Penerapan integrasi kurikulum kebencanaan, bahan ajar, media belajar dua dan tiga dimensi, serta yang berbasis e-learning menunjukkan dampak yang signifikan terhadap kompetensi kesiapsiagaan peserta didik. Selain itu, kegiatan pelatihan dan simulasi berbasis kompetensi juga efektif terhadap peningkatan pengetahuan kebencanaan, sikap, dan kesiapsiagaan komunitas di lembaga pendidikan. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa integrasi kurikulum pendidikan kebencanaan & perangkat pembelajaran kebencanaan, dapat meningkatkan kompetensi kesiapsiagaan. Kegiatan perencanaan dan perancangan kurikulum pendidikan kebencanaan, serta penerapannya dalam peningkatan kompetensi kesiapsiagaan melalui pendidikan dan pelatihan/simulasi dapat dilakukan secara komperehensif.

Spontaneous correlated activity is a universal hallmark of immature neural circuits. However, the cellular dynamics and intrinsic mechanisms underlying neuronal synchrony in the intact developing brain are largely unknown. Here, we use two-photon Ca2+ imaging to comprehensively map the developmental trajectories of spontaneous network activity in hippocampal area CA1 in vivo. We unexpectedly find that synchronized activity peaks after the developmental emergence of effective synaptic inhibition in the second postnatal week. We demonstrate that the enhanced network synchrony reflects an increased functional coupling of individual neurons to local population activity. However, pairwise neuronal correlations are low, and network bursts recruit CA1 pyramidal cells in a virtually random manner. Using a dynamic systems modeling approach, we reconcile these experimental findings and identify network bi-stability as a potential regime underlying network burstiness at this age. Our analyses reveal an important role of synaptic input characteristics and network instability dynamics for the emergence of neuronal synchrony. Collectively, our data suggest a mechanism, whereby developing CA1 performs extensive input-discrimination learning prior to the onset of environmental exploration.