Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is ssRNA paramyxovirus causing clinical signs, varying from subclinical infections to 100% mortality in infected chickens. Haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein has an important role related to infection and pathogenesis, therefore, the protein was characterised in this study. Samples were collected from 45 cloacal swabs of native chickens. They were isolated by inoculating in specific pathogen-free embryonated eggs. Molecular detection of NDV was done by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) encoding HN protein. RT-PCR for HN gene of NDV generated DNA fragments sized 503 bp, which were then sequenced using ABI Prism. The results have shown that virus isolates were mostly lentogenic and might contribute to outbreak in East Java, Indonesia. Based on this fact, NDV infected native chickens can act as reservoir and contribute to outbreak in the poultry. Our study provides baseline information on genetic characteristics of NDV circulating in East Java and serves as a basic work for further research.
This study analyzes how the enactment of the Indonesian Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation on the ease of doing business for MSEs in Depok City, West Java. We investigate optimum strategies to create a resourceful circumstance for MSEs through the regulation called PT. Perorangan. We utilized a normative juridical approach to present diverse challenges regarding individual limited liability companies as legal entities in Indonesia by comparing the legal norms formed between one regulation and another. This research found that Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation positively affects the MSEs, not exclusively in Depok City, West Java. Our study implies that entrepreneurs get some help and convenience in legal affairs. The strategy carried out by the Government of Depok, West Java, is to create ease of doing business for MSEs through PT. Perorangan is by far relevant to increase public awareness about the legal aspects.
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