This study examined the association of human and environmental factors with the presence of Aedes aegypti, the vector for dengue fever and yellow fever viruses, in a desert region in the southwest United States and northwest Mexico. Sixty-eight sites were longitudinally surveyed along the United States-Mexico border in Tucson, AZ, Nogales, AZ, and Nogales, Sonora during a 3-year period. Aedes aegypti presence or absence at each site was measured three times per year using standard oviposition traps. Maximum and minimum temperature and relative humidity were measured hourly at each site. Field inventories were conducted to measure human housing factors potentially affecting mosquito presence, such as the use of air-conditioning and evaporative coolers, outdoor vegetation cover, and access to piped water. The results showed that Ae. aegypti presence was highly variable across space and time. Aedes aegypti presence was positively associated with highly vegetated areas. Other significant variables included microclimatic differences and access to piped water. This study demonstrates the importance of microclimate and human factors in predicting Ae. aegypti distribution in an arid environment.
The rigorous construction of items constitutes a field of great current interest for psychometric researchers and practitioners. In previous studies we had reviewed and analyzed the existing guidelines for the construction of multiple-choice items. From this review emerged a new proposal for guidelines that is now, in the present work, subjected to empirical assessment. This assessment was carried out by users of the guidelines and by experts in item construction. The results endorse the proposal for the new guidelines presented, confirming the advantages in relation to their simplicity and efficiency, as well as permitting identification of the difficulties involved in drawing up and organizing some of the guidelines. Taking into account these results, we propose a new, refined set of guidelines that constitutes a useful, simple and structured instrument for the construction of multiple-choice items.
RESUMO -O presente trabalho faz uma análise do conceito de variabilidade comportamental com o objetivo de padronizar as diferentes definições e usos do termo. Propomos: 1) uma definição que recorra ao ponto comum dentre os diversos conceitos de variabilidade existentes na literatura, e 2) a descrição e sistematização dos aspectos específicos de cada uso do termo, utilizando os seguintes critérios: conteúdo e estrutura de cada conceito, níveis de análise empírico/teórico, molar/ molecular, e tipos de medida e códigos com que são especificados. Essa análise é uma tentativa inicial para a construção de uma taxonomia da variabilidade comportamental.Palavras-chave: variabilidade comportamental; seleção do comportamento; aprendizagem; análise metodológica; análise conceitual. Analysis of the Behavioral Variability ConceptABSTRACT -The purpose of this paper is to analyze the concept of behavioral variability aiming at standardizing the different conceptions and uses of the term. We propose 1) a definition that resorts to the common characteristics underlying current variability concepts reported in the literature, and 2) the description and systematization of specific aspects of each one of those uses of the term by means of the following criteria: the content and structure of each concept, its empirical/ theoretical and molar/molecular levels of analysis, and types of measurement and codes under which they are specified. The present analysis is an initial attempt at obtaining a behavioral variability taxonomy.Key words: behavioral variability; behavioral selection; learning; methodological analysis; conceptual analysis.No âmbito comportamental, a variabilidade -assim como a repetitividade -pode ser função de diferentes processos como, por exemplo, alguns estados fisiológicos alterados por drogas, lesões ou patologias diversas (Devenport, 1983). Além disso, nos organismos intactos, a variabilidade comportamental pode ser função de processos decorrentes da interação do organismo com seu meio ambiente. Como os demais fenômenos comportamentais, o da variabilidade pode ser considerado de duas perspectivas distintas: a do seu aparecimento inicial e a da sua manutenção. O aparecimento e a manutenção são mencionados de modo usual, embora às vezes confuso, como variação e seleção do comportamento, respectivamente, entendidos como processos complementares, necessários ambos à adaptação e sobrevivência dos indivíduos. Portanto, o termo variação tem um duplo significado, sendo às vezes utilizado para designar o fenômeno da variabilidade e em outros momentos utilizado para designar o processo de aparecimento de um novo comportamento. Dessa maneira, distinguindo-se fenômeno de processo, é possível se falar em processos de variação e seleção tanto da variabilidade como da repetitividade comportamental.Apesar dessa complementaridade entre os processos de variação e seleção, a perspectiva behaviorista de análise do comportamento tem priorizado o estudo dos processos seletivos, sendo a sua ênfase dada nas relações de conseqüen-ciação q...
International curricular redevelopment and quality improvement efforts include integration within and across disciplines as a focal point. Definitions and applications of the term ‘integration’ vary routinely in health professions education literature, weakening opportunities to enhance our educational practice through collaborative, interprofessional knowledge-sharing. This systematic review examined recent health professions education literature for reported definitions, theories or frameworks, and educational activities around integrated learning, education, curricula, or teaching. A total of 35 articles representing learners from 12 different health professions, between 2017 and 2021, were analyzed through a literature search of seven databases: PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, JSTOR, the Cochrane Library, LGBTQ + Life, and ERIC. Full-text retrieval and data extraction of the included studies were conducted. Of the 35 articles reviewed, 13 included explicit definitions of integration (an additional six alluded to a definition), 19 referred to an educational theory or framework used to guide integration design efforts, and 27 mentioned teaching methods by which integration was implemented. Misunderstanding what is meant by integrated, how others have planned for it, or how others have sought to bring it about practically, all threaten attempts to improve the cultivation of health professionals as integrated thinkers and holistic care providers.
There are many taxonomies that try to classify and apply some consistency to the very many item types currently in existence. They all have various limitations, however, such as ambiguous classification criteria, little discrimination between format types, and referring almost exclusively to pen-and-paper or screen-based items. This paper aims to overcome these limitations by proposing a new item format taxonomy based on functional criteria. Current classifications are reviewed, the criteria they are based on are examined and their limitations are identified. The proposed alternative classification identifies four essential components of items according to function: the structure of the included content, the device used for transmission of the question to the examinee, the device for receiving the response, and the instructions to the examinee about how to understand and respond to the item. The combination of different facets of these four components allows any format of item to be classified, both existing formats and those that may appear in the future. In addition to systematically and coherently classifying items, this new taxonomy may also be of great utility in the construction and research of new items. The proposed model is illustrated by examples showing how specific items are classified, using a checklist as a guide.
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