We examine the role of discourse relations (relations between propositions) in the interpretation of evaluative or opinion words. Through a combination of Rhetorical Structure Theory or RST (Mann & Thompson, 1988) and Appraisal Theory (Martin & White, 2005), we analyze how different discourse relations modify the evaluative content of opinion words, and what impact the nucleus-satellite structure in RST has on the evaluation. We conduct a corpus study, examining and annotating over 3,000 evaluative words in 50 movie reviews in the SFU Review Corpus (Taboada, 2008) with respect to five parameters: word category (nouns, verbs, adjectives or adverbs), prior polarity (positive, negative or neutral), RST structure (both nucleus-satellite status and relation type) and change of polarity as a result of being part of a discourse relation (Intensify, Downtone, Reversal or No Change). Results show that relations such as Concession, Elaboration, Evaluation, Evidence and Restatement most frequently intensify the polarity of the opinion words, although the majority of evaluative words (about 70%) do not undergo changes in their polarity because of the relations they are a part of. We also find that most opinion words (about 70%) are positioned in the nucleus, confirming a hypothesis in the literature, that nuclei are the most important units when extracting evaluation automatically.
This paper investigates the pragmatic expressions of negative evaluation (negativity) in two corpora: (i) comments posted online in response to newspaper opinion articles; and (ii) online reviews of movies, books and consumer products. We propose a taxonomy of linguistic resources that are deployed in the expression of negativity, with two broad groups at the top level of the taxonomy: resources from the lexicogrammar or from discourse semantics. We propose that rhetorical figures can be considered part of the discourse semantic resources used in the expression of negativity. Using our taxonomy as starting point, we carry out a corpus analysis, and focus on three phenomena: adverb + adjective combinations; rhetorical questions; and rhetorical figures. Although the analysis in this paper is corpus-assisted rather than corpus-driven, the final goal of our research is to make it quantitative, in extracting patterns and resources that can be detected automatically.
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