Objectives: Indonesia responded the COVID-19 pandemic slowly these last months. The recent reports shown that the rate performance of Indonesian government in handling COVID-19 posits at the 4th worst all over the world. Meanwhile, through responsive, strict, and strategic policy, some Asia countries pushed the elimination case by doing lockdown. This paper questioned how government respond this pandemic, tried to track down the unresponsive and slow decisions, and analyze them comprehensively trough policy system framework. Moreover, we also considered a few feasible and strategic recommendations to accelerate the pandemic responding.Methods: To visualize the anatomy of problems in handling these pandemic responses, this work applied Easton's black box analysis in formulating and introducing public policy. The black box analysis would help us to portray and understood the interests, rationalities, and priorities behind introducing public policies which was implemented to handle this health problem. Besides, the policy triangle framework was used to analyze how environment influenced key actor in making decision.Results: This analysis study discovered the conflict interests in formulating and implementing public policy in handling COVID-19. The public policies are negotiated, discussed, and formulated under black box that ignore transparency, and other good governance principles. Consequently, the substance of public policy represents a certain interest of policy makers, that may conflict with the others and often contradict to the constitutional-based public interests, that is public health. It was impacted the emergence of messy and uncoordinated institutions that implement the conflicted policies. Undeniably, this situation may spark counter-productive ways, attitudes, and actions of people in responding those ambiguous policies. Therefore, this work recommended revising the coherences norms and public policies; reforming the ministry of health in public health's paradigm context; and improving the integration and coordination of cross related institutions, creating a single data on public health, and changing a new paradigm of people, including improving collective awareness in responding and handling COVID-19 appropriately.
The spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had a serious impact on public health. The speed and extentof its spread havedemonstrated a global failure to cultivate awareness and cooperation in responseto the threat. Therefore, in order to improve public awareness and the management of public health threats, we propose a strategy to initiate global civil society. Using Walt and Gilson's policy triangle framework for policy analysis, we reviewed and analysed a series of articles and policies related to COVID-19, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA), health resilience in the context of globalization, as well as other countries’ experiences. We also explored constitutional obligations, public health legislation, collaboration of civil society, and policies related to public health, as well as their implementation. Every country has its own public policy strategy for handling COVID-19. One possible solution is to expand the GHSA commitments and bind all countries that have signed the agreement to a single public policy strategy for the handling of COVID-19. The poor handling of the COVID-19 outbreak has demonstrated the need for Indonesia’s civil society collaborativelyoversee the Indonesia’s government’s implementationof its constitutional obligations. The government mustmake public health security a top priority, and collectives of educated individuals with a strong, shared vision must harness the power of non-governmental advocacy.
Abstract. Jakarta is the province with the highest population density in Indonesia and is also one of the main international gateways to enter Indonesia. These conditions cause a high risk of transmission COVID-19 in Jakarta. One of the government's decisions was applying the Large Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) policy in Jakarta. This study is a documentation study with Sabatier and Mazmanian's top-down approach that aims to analyze the extent impact of policy implementation, in terms of the policy objectives and community compliance. Compliance analysis uses the results of the Covid-19 Outbreak Survey and Google mobility index. The result shows the compliance of the community in policy implementation. The impact of the PSBB implementation can be seen from the value of the Reproduction number (Rt), which has decreased since the PSBB policy was implemented. Based on those data, it can be concluded that the implementation of the PSBB in Jakarta has been going and implemented well; thus, the consistency from the community and also local government needs to be well maintained. Abstrak. Jakarta merupakan provinsi dengan tingkat kepadatan penduduk tertinggi di Indonesia yang juga sebagai pintu keluar masuknya manusia ke Indonesia. Hal ini menyebabkan resiko penularan COVID-19 di Jakarta menjadi sangat besar. Salah satu kebijakan pemerintah adalah PSBB di DKI Jakarta. Kajian ini merupakan studi dokumentasi dengan pendekatan top-down Sabatier dan Mazmanian yang bertujuan untuk melakukan analisis sejauh mana dampak suatu implementasi kebijakan, ditinjau dari tujuan kebijakan dan kepatuhan masyarakat. Analisis kepatuhan menggunakan hasil Survei Wabah Covid-19 dan indeks mobilitas Google. Hasilnya menunjukkan kepatuhan kelompok sasaran terhadap implementasi kebijakan. Dampak implementasi PSBB dapat terlihat dari nilai Reproduction number (Rt) yang semenjak diberlakukan kebijakan nilainya selalu mengalami penurunan. Berdasarkan keseluruhan data tersebut, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa implementasi kebijakan PSBB di Jakarta telah berlangsung dan diimplementasikan dengan baik, tinggal menanti konsistensi masyarakat dan pemerintah daerah agar dapat terjaga dengan baik.Abstrak. Jakarta merupakan provinsi dengan tingkat kepadatan penduduk tertinggi di Indonesia yang juga sebagai pintu keluar masuknya manusia ke Indonesia. Hal ini menyebabkan resiko penularan COVID-19 di Jakarta menjadi sangat besar. Salah satu kebijakan pemerintah adalah PSBB di DKI Jakarta. Kajian ini merupakan studi dokumentasi dengan pendekatan top-down Sabatier dan Mazmanian yang bertujuan untuk melakukan analisis sejauh mana dampak suatu implementasi kebijakan, ditinjau dari tujuan kebijakan dan kepatuhan masyarakat. Analisis kepatuhan menggunakan hasil Survei Wabah Covid-19 dan indeks mobilitas Google. Hasilnya menunjukkan kepatuhan kelompok sasaran terhadap implementasi kebijakan. Dampak implementasi PSBB dapat terlihat dari nilai Reproduction number (Rt) yang semenjak diberlakukan kebijakan nilainya selalu mengalami penurunan. Berdasarkan keseluruhan data tersebut, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa implementasi kebijakan PSBB di Jakarta telah berlangsung dan diimplementasikan dengan baik, tinggal menanti konsistensi masyarakat dan pemerintah daerah agar dapat terjaga dengan baik.
As a form of bioterrorism, agricultural terrorism/agroterrorism leads to livestock and crop interventions. Agroterrorism is part of economic warfare, which involves the destruction of a country's agricultural or ecological infrastructure using biological weapons. Agroterrorism leads to a country's food insecurities and the collapse of its economic climate. The development of biotechnology allows the modification of biological elements to result in changes in the characteristics of living things infiltrated by these agents. Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) technology, for instance, is a paradoxical double-edged sword. GMOs can generate economic benefits, but can also result in huge economic losses if they are weaponized as agroterrorism. Using a qualitative approach, this study conducts a policy analysis to explain the factors that impact the absence of food safety policies from agroterrorism threats in Indonesia. Data collection was conducted through literature searches in the form of articles, documents, and policies with the keywords "agricultural terrorism"; "Genetically Modified Organism"; "food insecurity"; "biotechnology", and "national security"; as well as by analyzing the experiences of other countries. As a country with direct land borders with other countries, Indonesia needs extra efforts to secure the country's biodiversity. As one of the consequences of the ASEAN-China free trade, the possibility of agroterrorism events has become more likely to occur in Indonesia. The development of a solid food infrastructure may overcome this problem. Recommendations for safe and resilient food policy scenarios should be pursued to ensure quality food production and sustainable economic growth for a better Indonesia, not only in the present, but for the sake of sustainability in the future.
Backgrounds: This study analyzes Indonesia's readiness to balance its role in responding to its internal and external health system situations, including the capacity of health advocacy and diplomacy in providing health services to the refugees. The analysis aims to provide recommendations to the government from the perspective of human rights and health security. Methods: Triangulation through observations, interviews with experts, and related literature and news searches were carried out using a qualitative approach to obtain thematic phenomena to validate data. Interviews were conducted using content analysis to get thematic phenomena based on structured interview guidelines to obtain the expert judgment. The selected informants are the main stakeholders in the health sector who meet appropriateness and adequacy principles. They also meet Tremblay's ideal informants' criteria, namely, role in community, knowledge, willingness, communicability, and impartiality.Results: Stakeholders have inadequate lines of communication, resulting in a lack of proper coordination between agencies. The Port Health Office (PHO) in Kupang was not involved in handling refugees despite its crucial role in preventing the entry and exit of potential disease outbreaks. The government of Indonesia established Presidential Regulation No. 125 of 2016 to deal with refugees abroad. However, the law has not been appropriately implemented. The city government of Kupang has not maintained an optimal balance between human rights and health security. Conclusions: Health advocacy and diplomacy capacity are needed to strengthen health resilience in preventive measures while recognizing the refugees' right to health as part of human rights.
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