This paper presented the result of a laboratory investigation to determine the properties of the material used for seawater-RHA concrete added with coal bottom ash. Seawater, rice husk ash and coal bottom ash were introduced as eco-material in concrete to totally or partially replace conventional material as an effort to introduce environmental-friendly material. Testing was carried out on sieve analysis, fineness modulus, specific gravity and water absorption which complies with the standard available. In addition, a scanning electron microscope and X-ray fluorescence were conducted on ordinary Portland cement, rice husk ash, coal bottom ash and sand to study the microstructural and element composition of the material. It was found that specific gravity for seawater is slightly higher than tap water. Meanwhile, rice husk ash and coal bottom ash have a specific gravity lower than conventional materials. From the XRF test, rice husk ash is classified as type F pozzolans with silica oxide more than 90 percent and coal bottom ash has more voids compared to normal sand. These investigations are important to ensure good concrete performance especially in controlling water-cementitious ratio, strength and quality of the concrete.
Concrete is made from freshwater, cement, and aggregate and the only material shared with mankind, flora, and fauna is freshwater. One of the most concerning problems the world has been facing over the last few decades is the rising demand for freshwater due to the increasing global population and depleting source of freshwater by 2050. In Malaysia, the population is expected to rise from 32 million people in 2020 to 40.50 million people in 2050, which would correspondingly increase the demand for domestic houses, industrial areas, and other building construction as well as increase the overall usage of freshwater. The utilisation of seawater has been applied in constructing buildings and infrastructures since the time of the Roman Empire and the structures still survive for more than 2000 years against chemical attacks and underwater wave force. Given that seawater is considered an alternative mixing agent in concrete production, research on seawater-based concrete has continued to gain interest from the scientific community and undergone swift development. Therefore, the aim of this study was to present a systematic literature review on the recent development of concrete with seawater as the mixing agent and its effect on the physical and mechanical performance of the concrete. A four-stage investigation criterion was conducted for the data collection from the Scopus database, which includes the search parameter, identification, screening, and writing. The screening of the literature retrieved 53 articles, which were then classified based on the physical and mechanical properties of the concrete. Based on the review, the use of seawater as a single mixing agent reduced the physical and mechanical performance of the concrete. However, the incorporation of seawater with special chemical admixture, mineral admixture, and reinforcement with certain treatment resulted in a higher performance of the concrete. Finally, the review highlighted the various potential studies that can be performed to investigate the utilisation of seawater in the construction industry while achieving a sustainable solution to preserve the environment.
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