The articles provides an overview of literature dedicated to the study of iodine status in pigs and establishes an interrelation between the level of microelement in animal diet and the functional activity of thyroid gland. Close correlation between thyroid hormone levels in blood and the reproductive abilities and productiveness of pigs has been observed. Resulting thyroxin and triiodothyronine synthesis and metabolic disorders are among the most common causes of pathological states in animals, which are characterized by lower fertility, increased intrauterine fetal deaths, and birth of non-viable piglets with apparent signs of goiter. Moreover, thyroid hypofunction leads to decreased general and lipoid metabolism in pigs, young animals in particular. Feed is the source of iodine for pigs. Yet, due to intensive growing practices the primary place in pig nutrition is occupied by concentrated feed with as a rule low content of this microelement. In addition, a number of other factors affect iodine levels in organism. Iodine digestibility is particularly hindered by glucosinolates and cyanogenic glycosides, nitrates, nitrites, perchlorates, residue of some pesticides. Iodine absorption in gastrointestinal tract is slowed down by fluorine and sulfur. Pigs may receive enough iodine with additional feed containing inorganic (КІ, NaІ) and organic (iodates) compounds. For this purpose industrial farms tend to use premixtures and mineral additives containing iodine and other macro- and microelements. However, said forms of iodine-containing preparations are often unstable or even aggressive in combination with other components of additives, namely vitamins. In this connection, we are facing a relevant problem of finding new preparations that in small doses would be stable and compatible with other components of compound feed while solving the problem of microelement nutrition. In humane and veterinary medicine nanomaterials, namely metal aquachelates, are used increasingly more often. There is information as to positive impact that iodine aquacitrate has on animals which needs to be further confirmed by profound research.
Because of the natural laws of the chain «soil–plant–animal» trace element status of pigs in the conditions of industrial technology of cultivation depends on the quantity and value of various macro– and microelements in feed, which is the result of absorption from the soil. Among feed factors, one of the limiting micronutrient is iodine. We, in terms of Farm «Amila» Turiysk district, Volyn region, investigated levels of iodine in the grain group of plants (barley, triticale, oats, rye), which is used to feed pigs as fullcomponent feed, depending on the accumulation of trace elements in the soil. It was established that the average iodine content in sod–podzolic soils (36% of all arable land) farms located within 7.48 ± 0.46 mg/kg, clay and sand 5.6 ± 0.38 mg/kg and gley–sandy – 5.96 ± 0.67 mg/kg. Thus, the study of grain grown on these lands have shown that the level of iodine in them was low and ranged from 49 to 77 mg/kg. Given the data provided to us agrochemical analysis of soil (the humus, pH, exchange nitrogen, mobile forms of manganese, zinc, copper, iron, cobalt, boron and sulfur), it was found that the pH of the soil on the farm was, on average, at 6.1 – 7.5 humus content – 2% – 3%, nitrogen – 48 – 72 mg/kg. In the majority of areas in the studied soils found very high boron content (> 0.7 mg/kg) and very low concentration of copper (<0.11 mg/kg) and iron (<0.08 mg/kg). Amid moderate soil providing mobile forms of the investigated macro– and microelements (N, Mn, Zn, S) detected an imbalance in the concentration of B, Cu, Fe, is likely to affect the concentration of iodine in soil fixing its potential, which in turn depends on ability to maintain atomic iodine and facilitate its absorption. It is possible that the rate of absorption of iodine from the soil under these conditions is also insufficient. Taking into account the available information on the specific components of iodine in the diet to ensure the body metabolism pigs must decide on the further introduction of easily accessible iodine–containing drugs.
<p><span lang="EN-US">This article presents the data on the total liquid maintance and correlation of their classes in the sow’s colostrum and milk, depending on the level of Iodine in the rations. It is shown that in the sow’s colostrum (F1 generation from maternal pure lines of Landrace x Large white) the content of total lipids is 33% <span>(Р < 0.01) </span>higher <span>than in </span>milk. It was established that the level of triacylglycerols in the colostrum of the control group of animals, that has received a ration of potassium iodide as a mineral supplements, was 18.7%<span> (Р < 0.01) </span>higher than in milk. <span>Compared with the milk, the level of phospholipids was 13,5% (Р < 0.05) significantly higher in the colostrum; </span>and by 23.6% (Р < 0.05) – the content of<span>free cholesterol.</span> <span>And Vice versa – in the sows’ milk there was higher concentration of mono – and diacylglycerol and eterified cholesterol. In account of a better bioavailability and a higher activity, Iodine, in the form of aquacart, shows a stimulatory effect on lipogenesis in amounts that, in comparison with the dose of Iodine in molecular form is 2 and even 4 times less. Hydration of the dry sows’ feed with the aquacare iodine in such a quantity provided the growth of the percent of phospholipids in colostrum, comparing with the control by 14.4 and 18.4% (Р < 0.05). Under such conditions the content of free cholesterol was also significantly higher. In groups of animals, treated with the maximum analyzed amount of Iodine in nanodispersed form (1 : 1 ratio of Iodine in nano - and molecular form), we observed a tendency to a slight increasing of the phospholipids and mono – and diacylglycerol in the colostrum, and Vice versa –<span> </span>the content of phospholipids, free cholesterol and free fatty acids reduced under obviously insufficient doses of Iodine (0.1 : 1).<span> </span>Under the maximum necessary amount of Iodine in the rations (0.25 – 0.5 : 1) of the sows’ milk, the content of mono – and diacylglycerole encreased, compared with the control group 16.6</span> <span>(Р < 0.01) and 9.3% (Р < 0.05), under the tendency to a higher percentage of phospholipids on the background of a reducing level of free fatty acids. After including gestating and further lactating sows to the rations of Iodine in the form of aquacart in a dose that is 10 times less than the amount of the composition of potassium iodide, it was notified that content of triacylglycerols, phospholipids and free cholesterol in milk was decreased. Thus, aquacart Iodine covers a need of the thyroid body in Iodine for the harmonic interval processes and its regulatory impact on metabolic processes, including lipid metabolism in much smaller quantities than in an inorganic form.</span></span></p>
The article presents the results of experimental studies on the determination of the influence of iodine citrate on hematological and biochemical parameters of blood of sucking piglets. It was established that hemopoiesis and metabolic reactions in pigs depend on the level of Iodine in the sows, and in the later period (the 10th day) and from the receipt of the biometal as part of the prestarter. Iodine, in nanocitate form, at the expense of high bioavailability and chemical activity, provided the need for thyroid gland in it in much less quantities than the amounts recommended for pregnant and lactating sows in the form of potassium iodide. It has been established that at the admission to the body of a sow 0.095–0.19 mg/kg of feeding of iodine in a nanocyte form (1/4–1/2 of the recommended amount of iodine in the form of CI), its positive effect on hemopoiesis and metabolic processes in newborn piglets is peculiar (increased number of red blood cells, hemoglobin content, high percentage of lymphocytes, increases in the concentration of total protein and in particular albumin, against the backdrop of growth in blood plasma levels of CSF, the concentration of hormones T3 and T4 is quite stable. A higher dose in the premix of iodine citrate (1 : 1) is irrational and most likely undesirable, since against the background of inhibition of this group of erythropoiesis, eosinophilia and lymphopenia, the protein synthesis function decreases and the activity of AlAT, AsAT increases. Hematological and biochemical parameters of blood of piglets obtained from sows, which received a minimum amount of iodine in the form of citrate (0.1 : 1) with premix, did not undergo significant changes, were within the limits of physiological values, although in comparison with the animals of the control group, and particularly, the piglets of the group D2 and D3 tended to decrease (growth). Consequently, iodine citrate as a source of iodine for pregnant and subsistence sows can be recommended in the amounts: 0.095–0.19 mg/kg and 0.125–0.25 mg/kg feed.
Інститут сільського господарства Карпатського регіону НААН, вул. Грушевського, 5, с. Оброшино, Пустомитівський р-н, Львівська обл., 81115, Україна У статті представлено результати дослідження впливу аквацитрату йоду на обмін речовин та продуктивні якості поросят у період від їх відлучення від свиноматок до постановки на інтенсивну від-годівлю (29-70 доба
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