Spot blotch is an important disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in South Asia. Division of test sites for this disease into homogenous subregions is expected to contribute to more efficient evaluation and better differentiation of cultivars. Data from a collaborative regional program of South Asia conducted by CIMMYT were analyzed to group testing sites into relatively homogenous subregions for spot blotch area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). Five‐year data of eight locations from Eastern Gangetic Plains Nursery (EGPSN) and five locations of the Eastern Gangetic Plains Yield Trial (EGPYT) conducted in three countries (India, Nepal, and Bangladesh) of South Asia were used. A hierarchical cluster analysis was used to group locations on the basis of genotype × location interaction effects for spot blotch AUDPC. Cluster analysis divided South Asia into two broad regions and four subregions. This classification was not entirely consistent with the geographic distribution of locations, but clusters mostly followed general geographic‐climatic locations. The locations Varanasi (India) and Bhairahawa (Nepal) were identified as the most suitable sites for evaluation of spot blotch, followed by Rampur (Nepal). The major determinant for the clustering was mean temperature. The results suggest that the major wheat region of South Asia can be divided into subregions, which may reduce the cost of resistance evaluation and aid in developing wheat with resistance to this disease.
Arthrinium rasikravindrii sp. nov. was isolated from soil collected in the arctic archipelago Svalbard, Norway. The new species, distinguished by morphological and in vitro cultural characters, forms dark brown lenticular conidia with hyaline equatorial germ slits together with
balloon-shaped, anomalous conidia uncommon in the morphologically similar A. phaeospermum. Additionally, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA sequence analyses support this species as distinct within Arthrinium. Isolates previously identified as A. phaeospermum from
China and Japan are re-determined as A. rasikravindrii.
Chalcones comprise a characteristic framework of 1, 3-diaryl-2-propen-1-one. They have been heralded as promising anti cancer drugs and have received much attention in the field of cancer research and drug development. The cytotoxicity of these potent pharmacophores is attributable to a wide spectrum of biological activities like anti inflammatory, anti proliferative, anti fungal, etc. These anti tumor activities are effectuated through apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, anti tubulin and so forth. This review summarizes the recent developments on anti tumor activity of synthetic and natural chalcones and their detailed underlying mechanisms as reported in the past.
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