T hese recommendations are primarily intended to standardize health monitoring programmes and reporting. In this way they may also help to standardize the microbiological quality of animals. However, it is not a requirement of these recommendations that animals tested are free from all of the microorganisms listed.Health monitoring is a complex issue. T herefore, it is recommended that a person with suf®cient understanding of the principles of health monitoring (FELASA Category D, Nevalainen e t a l. 1999 ) be identi®ed as the individual responsible for devising and maintai ning a health monitoring policy for the facility.It should be noted that health monitoring is not con®ned to laboratory reporting. T here should also be engendered a culture of communicat ion between anim al technicians, facility managers, veterinarians and researchers so that observed abnormalities in breeding anim als and experimental data can rapidly be evaluated and appropriate action taken.Animals that are standardized as much as possible are important prerequisites for reproducible anim al experiments.
No abstract
Rodentibacter gen. nov. is proposed based on isolation and phenotypic characterization of strains, predominantly from rodents. The strains showed 86 % or higher rpoB gene sequence similarity and indicated a genus-level relationship within Pasteurellaceae. The strains compared at 16S rRNA gene sequence level showed 93.8 % or higher similarity, and their genus-level relationship within Pasteurellaceae was confirmed by phenotypic analysis. The type species Rodentibacter pneumotropicus comb. nov. is reclassified from [Pasteurella] pneumotropica with type strain NCTC 8141T (=CCUG 12398T). Whole genomic comparison allowed the estimation of DNA-DNA renaturation. Rodentibacter heylii sp. nov. was proposed for a group that included the biovar Heyl of [Pasteurella] pneumotropica with the type strain ATCC 12555T (=CCUG 998T). A group was proposed as Rodentibacter ratti sp. nov., which included the taxon 22 of Bisgaard; the type strain is F75T (=CCUG 69665T=DSM 103977T). Taxon 41 of Bisgaard was proposed as Rodentibacter myodis sp. nov. with type strain Ac151T (=CCUG 69666T=DSM 103994T). Rodentibacter heidelbergensis sp. nov. included the type strain 1996025094T (=Ac69T) (=CCUG 69667T=DSM 103978T). A group strains of was proposed as Rodentibacter trehalosifermentans sp. nov. with type strain H1987082031T (=CCUG 69668T=DSM 104075T). Two strains including the reference strain of taxon 17 of Bisgaard that showed 16S rRNA gene similarity of 97.3 % were proposed as Rodentibacter rarus sp. nov. 2325/79T (=CCUG 17206T=DSM 103980T). Rodentibacter mrazii sp. nov. was proposed with type strain Ppn418T (Bisgaard taxon 21) (=CCUG 69669T=DSM 103979T). The eight species could be separated based on phenotypic characteristics such as NAD requirement, ornithine decarboxylase and indole formation, α-glucosidase, β-galactosidase and in acid formation from (+)-l-arabinose, (-)-d-ribose, (+)-d-xylose, myo-inositol, (-)-d-mannitol, lactose, melibiose and trehalose. Forty-six strains including taxon 48 of Bisgaard formed a monophyletic group by rpoB and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, but could not be separated phenotypically from R. pneumotropicus and R. heylii, and it was left as an unnamed genomospecies 1 of Rodentibacter with reference strain Ppn416. Another taxon that included 13 strains, mainly isolated from Apodemus sylvaticus, could not be separated phenotypically from R. pneumotropicus or R. heylii and was designated as genomospecies 2. Strain Ppn85 with 95 % or less rpoB gene sequence similarity and with 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 97 % or less to the other members of Rodentibacter was left as an unnamed singleton.
SummaryStre pto b a c illus m o nil ifo rm is is a Gram-negat ive bac terium found in various laboratory anim al species and is the cause of rat bit e fever and Haverhill fever in man. In order to evaluate a polymerase chain reaction (PCR ) for the detection of this zoonotic bact erium in anim al tissues a set of primers was designed based on the DNA base sequence of part of the 16S rRNA gene from 11 S. m o nili fo rm is strains. T he PCR detected as few as 2±6 copies of S. m o nilifo rm is DNA. A 296 bp DNA fragm ent was ampli®ed from S. m o nilifo rm is strains from rodents, humans and turkeys. Amplicons of about the same size were obtained from T he PCR detected S. m o ni lifo rm isinfection in all four orally-and four intravenously-infected C57BL/6 mice and the bac terium was cultured from all but one mouse. T he PCR detected S. m o nilifo rm is infection in all 12 orally-infected WU rats, and in ®ve of eight rats exposed to natural infection. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and PCR were equally successful in detecting infection in rats but S. m o ni lifo rm is was not detected by using culture. Keywords S. m o nilifo rm is; PCR; mouse; rat; health monitoring Stre pto b a c illus m o nil ifo rm isis a Gramnegative bac terium that can occur in various laboratory animal species including gerbils, guineapigs, mice and rats. Humans may become infected through ingestion of contam inated water or through a bit e or a scratch of an animal, leading to Haverhill fever (HF) and rat bite fever (RBF), respectively (Wullenweber 1995). It is commonly believed that with the use of modern maintenance system s streptobac illosis has been eradicated from laboratory animal colonies. T here are however recent reports on the isolation of S. m o nilifo rm is from laboratory rodents (Wullenweber e t a l. 1990, Koopman e t a l. 1991, Kirchner e t a l. 1992, Wullenweber e t a l. 1992, Glastonbury e t a l. 1996 ), and serological observations using an ELISA (Boot e t a l. 1993 ) suggest that latent infection may be common in rats (unpublished observations). As the culture of S. m o ni lifo rm is from healthy animals is dif®cult, we developed and evaluated a PCR for the detection of the bacterium in tissues of mice and rats. Materials and methods Mic ro o rga nism sSe ve nte e n S. m o nilifo rm is strains were obtai ned from mice (3 ), rats (3 ), a spinifex hopping mouse (1 ), turkeys (4 ) and from cases of HF (1 ) and RBF (5 ) in humans (Table 1).
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