Neocallimastix frontalis is an anaerobic herbivore gut inhabitant which occupies an uncertain taxonomic position, probably among zoospore fungi. It produces uninucleate zoospores which are bipartite with an organelle-free anterior portion and a posterior half bearing about 10 flagella and all organelles. The flagella are arranged primarily in two rows and beat as a unit. The flagellar roots are composed of two arrays of single microtubules, all of which emanate, in groups of about 14, from single kinetosome-associated spurs. The main array forms a divergent cone with which the microbodies (hydrogenosomes?) are intimately associated. The second group (the posterior fan) forms a fan-shaped array lying close to the posterior plasmalemma. Zoospores encyst, develop rhizoids, and can produce new zoospores at any stage in their subsequent development from a uninucleate to a multinucleate eucarpic thallus. Zoospore production involves intracytoplasmic flagellar vesicles, organelle clustering, and loss of the sporangium plasmalemma. Zoospore release follows nonlocalized dissolution of the entire sporangium wall. On these data, we assign the genus to a new family, the Neocallimasticaceae, in the Spizellomycetales of the Chytridiomycetes and thereby redefine these taxa to accommodate organisms producing polyflagellate zoospores.

Crude extracts of the root of the resistant legume,Lupinus angustifolius, showed feeding deterrent activity toCostelytra zealandica andHeteronychus arator larvae. Nine 5-hydroxyisoflavones were isolated from an active fraction and their feeding deterrent activity and antifungal activity was measured. High feeding-deterrent activity was associated with high antifungal activity with some exceptions.

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Puna II' forage chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) was bred from 'Grasslands Puna' chicory by selection for tolerance to the fungus Sclerotinia, cool-season activity, greater uniformity, and higher levels of the sesquiterpene lactones, lactucin and lactucopicrin. It is intended for use as a pure sward on non-milking farms, and as a component of mixed swards on all grazing farms. Breeding took place from 1992 to 1997, and involved two interdependent screening paths, for (1) tolerance to Sclerotinia and (2) vigour and uniformity, then high levels of lactucin and lactucopicrin. In most years, the seed harvested from each path was incorporated also into the alternate path for the following year. The two paths were combined in 1997 to provide a final single breeding population. 'Puna II' is more uniform than 'Grasslands Puna' in morphology and leaf shape. It is also more erect and much more winteractive, and at least as persistent. It is much more persistent than a cultivar bred simultaneously for dairy farms ('Choice') but slightly less winteractive, and has higher combined levels of lactucin and lactucopicrin. About 3% of 'Puna II' plants bear only pink flowers, rather than blue.