The main objective of this study was to evaluate the anaerobic conversion of vinasse into biomethane with gradual increase in organic loading rate (OLR) in two upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors, R1 and R2, with volumes of 40.5 and 21.5 L in the mesophilic temperature range. The UASB reactors were operated for 230 days with a hydraulic detection time (HDT) of 2.8 d (R1) and 2.8–1.8 d (R2). The OLR values applied in the reactors were 0.2–7.5 g totalCOD (L d)−1 in R1 and 0.2–11.5 g totalCOD (L d)−1 in R2. The average total chemical oxygen demand (totalCOD) removal efficiencies ranged from 49% to 82% and the average conversion efficiencies of the removed totalCOD into methane were 48–58% in R1 and 39–65% in R2. The effluent recirculation was used for an OLR above 6 g totalCOD (L d)−1 in R1 and 8 g totalCOD (L d)−1 in R2 and was able to maintain the pH of the influent in R1 and R2 in the range from 6.5 to 6.8. However, this caused a decrease for 53–39% in the conversion efficiency of the removed totalCOD into methane in R2 because of the increase in the recalcitrant COD in the influent. The largest methane yield values were 0.181 and 0.185 (L) CH4 (g totalCOD removed)−1 in R1 and R2, respectively. These values were attained after 140 days of operation with an OLR of 5.0–7.5 g totalCOD (L d)−1 and totalCOD removal efficiencies around 70 and 80%.
The efficiency of individual and integrated processes applied to organic matter reduction and biodegradability improvement of a biodigested sugarcane vinasse wastewater was assessed. Strategies considered were Fenton's oxidation (Strategy 1), coagulation/flocculation (Strategy 2) and the combination of both processes (coagulation/flocculation followed by Fenton's reaction) - Strategy 3. It was found that Fenton's oxidation per se allowed reducing the organic matter, increasing the wastewater biodegradability and a non-toxic effluent was generated; however the cost of treatment was very high (86.6 R$/m(3) - 21.2 €/m(3)). Under optimized conditions, coagulation/flocculation provided a slight increase in effluent's biodegradability, toxicity towards Vibrio fischeri was also eliminated and moderate removals of total organic carbon - TOC - (30.5%), biological oxygen demand - BOD5 - (27.9%) and chemical oxygen demand - COD - (43.6%) were achieved; however, the operating costs are much smaller. The use of dissolved iron resulting from coagulation/flocculation (270 mg/L) as catalyst in the second stage - Fenton's oxidation - was shown to be an innovative and economically attractive strategy. Under optimal conditions overall removals of 51.6% for TOC, 45.7% for BOD5 and 69.2% for COD were achieved, and a biodegradable (BOD5:COD ratio = 0.54) and non-toxic effluent was obtained. In order to increase the efficiency of the process but using less hydrogen peroxide, the Fenton's oxidation was performed by gradually adding the oxidant. This procedure allowed to obtain the highest organic matter removal efficiency (as compared with the addition of all hydrogen peroxide at the beginning of the reaction). This way it was possible to minimize the reagent consumption and, consequently, reduce the treatment cost.
RESUMO:Neste trabalho, avaliou-se o desempenho de dois reatores anaeróbios de fluxo ascendente com manta de lodo (UASB), em série, seguidos de um reator operado em batelada sequencial (RBS) com etapa aeróbia, no tratamento de águas residuárias de suinocultura. O sistema de tratamento anaeróbio em dois estágios foi alimentado com águas residuárias de suinocultura com concentrações médias de sólidos suspensos totais (SST), de 4.427 a 16.425 mg L -1 . As cargas orgânicas volumétricas (COV) aplicadas no reator UASB do primeiro estágio variaram de 14,8 a 24,4 g DQO (L d) -1 . Os tempos de detenção hidráulica (TDH) foram de 28 e 11 h e de 14 e 6 h no primeiro e segundo reatores UASB, respectivamente. O RBS foi operado com 1 e 2 ciclos diários de alimentação e com concentrações de SST do afluente, de 1.348 a 2.036 mg L -1 . As maiores eficiências de remoção de DQO total ocorreram com os maiores TDH, com valores médios de 78 a 88% nos reatores UASB, em dois estágios. Com o tratamento do efluente dos reatores UASB no RBS, as eficiências médias de remoção aumentaram para 93 a 97%, 92 a 98%, 57 a 78%, 71 a 88% e 68 a 85% para a DQO total, SST, P-total, nitrogênio total Kjeldahl (NTK) e nitrogênio total (NT), respectivamente. Para os coliformes termotolerantes, as remoções foram de 93,80 a 99,99%.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: remoção de nutrientes, tratamento anaeróbio-aeróbio, pós-tratamento, nitrificação. SWINE WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET REACTOR (UASB) IN TWO-STAGES FOLLOWED BY SEQUENCING BATCH REACTOR (SBR)ABSTRACT: This work aimed to evaluate the performance of two aerobic-anaerobic combination system of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion reactor (UASB) in line followed by an aerobic sequencing bath reactor (SBR), used in swine wastewater treatment. The UASB system was fed with swine wastewater containing from 4427 to 16425 mg L -1 of total suspended solids (TSS). The treatment system was evaluated using organic loading (OLR) of 14,8 to 24,4 g total COD (L d) -1 in the first UASB reactor. The hydraulic detention times (HDT) were of 28 and 11 h, and 14 and 6 h, in the first and second UASB reactor, respectively. The SBR was operated with one and two cycles daily and the affluent had TSS concentrations of 1348 to 2036 mg L -1 . The higher total chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies were of 78 to 81% in UASB reactors in two-stage and occurred with higher HDT. With the aerobic SBR used as post-treatment of the effluent from UASB reactors allowed removal efficiency averages of 93 to 97%, 92 to 98%, 57 to 78%, 71 to 88% and from 68 to 85% of total COD, TSS, total P, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total nitrogen (TN), respectively. The thermotolerants coliforms the removals were of 93.80 to 99.99%.
RESUMO:Avaliou-se o efeito das águas residuárias de suinocultura com concentrações de sólidos suspensos totais em torno de 6.000 mg L -1 (DQO total variando de 7.557 a 11.640 mg L -1 ) no desempenho de processo anaeróbio em dois estágios compostos por reator compartimentado (ABR) e reator de fluxo ascendente com manta de lodo (UASB), instalados em série, em escala-piloto (volumes de 530 e 120 L, respectivamente), submetidos a tempos de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 56 a 18 h no primeiro reator e de 13 a 4 h no segundo reator. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: digestão anaeróbia, reator anaeróbio de chicanas, resíduos de suínos. PERFORMANCE OF TWO-STAGE ANAEROBIC PROCESS (BAFFLED REACTOR (ABR) FOLLOWED BY AN UPFLOW SLUDGE BLANKET REACTOR (UASB)) TREATING SWINE WASTEWATERABSTRACT: In this work it was evaluated the effect of swine wastewater with total suspended solid (TSS) concentration around 6000 mg L -1 (COD total from 7557 to 11640 mg L -1 ) on the performance of two stage anaerobic process constituted of anaerobic baffled reactors (ABR) and an upflow sludge blanket reactor (UASB) installed in series, in pilot scale testing (volumes of 530 L and 120 L, respectively) and with hydraulic detention times (HDT) of 56 to 18 h in the first reactor and 13 to 4 h in the second reactor. The mean COD total removal efficiency varied from 71.1 to 87.5% in ABR and from 41.5 to 50.1% in UASB reactor, resulting in average values ranging from 86.
The post-treatment of biodigested sugarcane vinasse was envisaged in the present study following three different approaches: i) coagulation/flocculation e Approach 1; ii) combination of coagulation/flocculation with photo-Fenton reaction e Approach 2; iii) coagulation/flocculation followed by biological degradation and photo-Fenton reaction e Approach 3. The coagulation/flocculation per se provided a slight increase in effluent's biodegradability, a decrease in toxicity and turbidity, and provided moderate removals of total organic carbon (TOC), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The operating costs associated with chemicals consumption are low (5.7 R$/m 3 z 1.4 V/m 3). The second and third treatment approaches allowed to reach a nontoxic effluent, improved the biodegradability and led to similar high global organics removal efficiencies. The combined treatment consisting of coagulation/flocculation plus photo-Fenton oxidation (Approach 2) revealed to be a promising solution for treating this wastewater, in order to be recirculated into the high rate anaerobic reactor. Additionally, this solution provides smaller costs (84.9 R$/m 3 z 20.2 V/m 3) associated with chemicals and energy consumption, which are however very high. Nonetheless, this cost can be reduced by about 40% if solar radiation is used in the photo-Fenton process.
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