Phil Jones-----Welsh School of Architecture, Cardiff University, UK Highlights Different concepts and approaches to China's new green urban development are reviewed and analysed. Compare and analyse these new concepts and present examples to help better understanding of the green urban development in China. Identify the barriers to green urban development in China and propose suitable approaches to such development 2 Abstract China's rapid urbanisation has already led to the development of more large-scale cities than ever before. One result is that China is now the largest carbon emitter in the world. Meanwhile, China is facing enormous challenges in respect to environmental degradation, and limiting the use of natural resources in urban areas when it comes to balancing rapid economic development and environmental protection. To address this issue, China has to explore a new approach to urban development, namely green urban development. Various green urban theories are in the process of being formulated in China due to the difference in the responsibility of the central government and the gradual changes in national policies. The lack of a clear vision and target is a common barrier to green urban development in China. This paper reviews three new concepts and approaches to green urban development in China, and analyses how these concepts and approaches have been adopted, defined and developed within the Chinese context. Three typical projects are then selected to illustrate green city development in order to develop a better understanding of the application of the green theories of urban development in China. Finally, methods of future green urban development in China are proposed.
Rapidly growing energy consumption and associated carbon emissions from building clusters and transport activities have raised concerns. Predicting carbon emissions combing building clusters and transport activities due to buildings' users is an effective way to getting a better understanding of their energy use and carbon emissions, and thus to control carbon emissions for low carbon development. The purpose of this paper is to quantify and compare operational energy consumption and associated carbon dioxide emissions from building cluster and transport activities due to the buildings' occupants. The energy consumption and carbon emission features on building cluster and transport activities are then presented and analysed. Finally, relevant low-carbon development strategies in the built environment from building cluster and transport activities are outlined and discussed. The results of the case study have shown that: (1) Energy consumption and carbon emissions from building clusters are almost four times higher than transport carbon emissions due to buildings' users in the unit of the square metre per year. Therefore, more focus on energy-saving should be emphasised on the buildings sector compared to the transport sector. (2) Different building types significantly varied in energy demands. Specifically, residential buildings have the highest heating demands, while public buildings in term of commercial, office and hotel buildings consumed more energy on cooling demands. (3) Transport-related carbon emissions due to mobility from buildings' users by car and taxi are the primary sources of carbon emissions. The highest average carbon emissions come from private cars/ taxis. By contrast, public transport has the lowest average transport carbon emissions due to their per capita low carbon emission factor. Transit modes are the preferred low carbon travel modes, so these should be promoted.
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