BackgroundWorldwide, ovarian cancer is increasing in prevalence and has a high mortality rate. Girinimbine is a carbazole alkaloid isolated from Murraya koenigii (the curry tree) and is used in Chinese herbal medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of girinimbine on cell proliferation, cell migration, and apoptosis in human ovarian cancer cells in vitro.Material/MethodsA human ovarian cancer cell line panel, which included SKOV3 cells and the SV40 immortalized normal human ovarian cell line, were treated with increasing doses of girinimbine. Cell proliferation was evaluated using the MTT assay. Confocal immunofluorescence using 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), Annexin-V, and propidium iodide (PI) were used to measure cell apoptosis. Cell migration and invasion were determined by transwell assays. Protein expression was determined by Western blot.ResultsGirinimbine inhibited SKOV3 ovarian cancer cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of grinimbine was 15 μM for the SKOV3 cells, and 120 μM for the SV40 cells. Grinimbine treatment resulted in apoptosis of SKOV3 cells, from 2.2% in untreated cells to 58.8% at a dose of 30 μM, which was associated with an increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Girinimbine inhibited cell migration and invasion of the SKOV3 cancer cells in vitro and inhibited the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways.ConclusionsGirinimbine, a carbazole alkaloid used in Chinese herbal medicine, inhibited the proliferation and cell migration of human ovarian cancer cells in vitro, in a dose-dependent manner, via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways.
In recent years, the U.S. has vigorously pursued the policy of “using Taiwan to contain mainland China” to thwart China's rise and maintain its hegemonic position. This policy has further exacerbated the China U.S. rivalry in the Taiwan Strait. The audacious visit to Taiwan by Nancy Pelosi, Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, in August 2022 triggered a systematic countermeasure from China and dramatically exacerbated tensions in the Taiwan Strait. This article first analyzes the purpose of Pelosi's visit to Taiwan, then reviews China‟s countermeasures against the visit. The author argues that the tensions in the Taiwan Strait have not escalated into the so-called “Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis” because the policies of the mainland China, the United States, and Taiwan are still self-restrained. However, these tensions have negatively affected China U.S. relations and Cross-Strait relations. 在危机的 边缘 佩洛西 访 台及其 对 中美博弈的冲 击 近年来,为了阻滞中国的持续崛起以维护其霸权地位,美国积极推行“以台制华”的政策,进而提升了中美台海博弈的烈度。2022年8月,美国国会众议院议长佩洛西访问台湾之行引发了中方的系统性反制,显著加剧了台海的紧张形势。本文首先对佩洛西访台事件及其动因进行了分析,其次梳理了中方针对佩洛西访台的全面反制举措,在此基础上指出由于中国大陆、美国与台湾地区均采取了较为克制的应对举措,使得此次台海紧张形势未升级为“第四次台海危机”,但仍对中美关系和两岸关系造成了恶劣的影响。
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